US Army Corps of Engineers
Walla Walla District
Lower Snake River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study
Regeneration Potential of Vegetation on Newly Exposed Riverside Shorelines
Appendix Table 3 - Literature Review of Plant Species Common in the Snake River Region, Based on Several Published Works Listed in the Reference Section. [The table indicates the dispersal mechanism for each species. Definitions of several dispersal mechanisms, and the key to plant grouping, are listed at the top of the table. The numbers in parentheses in the Plant Group column of the table represent page numbers in Hitchcock and Cronquist (1974).]
| Definition of Dispersal Mechanism |
| Endozoochory, diaspores inside the animal |
| Synzoochory, diaspores carried mostly in the mouth (stomatochory), as in some birds and ants |
| Epizoochory, diaspores accidently carried on the outside (also exozoochory) |
| Ichthyochory, by fish |
| Saurochory, by reptiles |
| Ornithochory, by birds |
| Key to Plant Groups (as prepared by C.H. Derdeyn, 1993) |
||
| First Letter | Second Letter | Third Letter |
| A = annual or biennial C = coniferous D = deciduous L = low M = medium P = perennial |
F = forb G = grass or grass-like S = shrub T = tree W = mainly wetland herbs |
E = exotic or introduced N = native U = cultivar |
| Species Family Common Name |
Plant Group |
Dispersal Mechanism | Habitat and Distribution |
| Calochortus elegans Liliaceae Lily, elegant mariposa |
PFN (688) |
Capsules reflexed and nodding; deep-seated bulb; gravity | Open grassy hills to coniferous forest; southeast Wasington to southwest Oregon and north California, east across Idaho to western Montana; northwest montane |
| Calochortus macrocarpus Liliaceae Lily, green-banded mariposa |
PFN (686) |
Capsules elongate, not winged; deep-seated bulb; gravity | Dry places in east Cascades, southcentral British Columbia to northeast California, east to Idaho, southwest Montana, and New Mexico; sagebrush |
| Caragana arborescens Fabaceae Siberian peashrub |
MSE (N, A) |
Dehiscent capsule containing 6+ seeds; seed ~2X6 mm; throwing and gravity | Native to Siberia and Manchuria; one of the most cold and drought-resistant deciduous shrubs or small trees in cultivation |
| Cardaria draba Brassicaceae Heart-podded hoarycress, hoary pepperwort |
PFN (159) |
Indehiscent silicle, 3-5 x 4-6 mm; rhizomatous; wind, water | Widespread weed in lowland of much of temperate North America |
| Careopsis hispida Asteraceae |
-- (N, A) |
-- | -- |
| Carex aperta Cyperaceae Columbia sedge |
PWN (587) |
Achene with erect spikes; water, gravity | Wet low ground, especially floodplains and lake-shores; south British Columbia to northwest Oergon, east to Idaho and northwest Montana |
| Carex douglasii Cyperaceae Douglas' sedge |
PWN (589) |
Achene, spikes gen all unisexual and plants dioecious; water, gravity | Dry to wet places, from valleys and plains to midmont, tolerant of alkali; British Columbia and Washington to California, wholly east Cascades, east to New Mexico, Nebraska, Iowa, and Manitoba |
| Carex filifolia Cyperaceae Thread-leaved sedge |
PWN (579) |
Achene 2.3-3 mm; roots fibrous, rhizomatous; reproduces from seeds and tillers; water, gravity | Dryland, often with sagebrush, plains to lower valleys, only occupies high mountains |
| Carex geyeri Cyperaceae Elk sedge |
PWN (578) |
Achene 4-5 mm, stems clustered; scaly rhizomes; reproduces from seeds and rhizomes; water, gravity | Woodland, open slopes, and dry meadows, foothills to midmont; British Columbia and Alta to northern California, Utah, and Colorady, mainly East Cascades |
| Carex oederi Cyperaceae Green sedge |
PWN (583) |
Achene; water, gravity | Wet, low ground, from sea level to midmont; circumboreal, south in America to northwest California, south Nevada, north New Mexico, and New Jersey |
| Carex raynoldsii Cyperaceae Raynold's sedge |
PWN (584) |
Achene <2 mm; water, gravity | Moist or dry meadwos and open or wooded slopes, foothills to fairly high montane; British Columbia to Sierran California, east to Alta and Colorado |
| Carex stipata Cyperaceae Sawbeak sedge, awl-fruit sedge |
PWE (590) |
Achene; water, gravity | Japanese; wet ground, lowland (especially west of Cascades) to midmontane; Alaska to Newfoundland, south to California and throughout the Pacific Northwest |
| Carex vesicaria Cyperaceae Inflated sedge |
PWN (581) |
Achene; short rhizomes; water, gravity | Circumboreal, south in America to California, New Mexico, Montana, and Delaware |
| Carex vulpinoidea Cyperaceae Fox sedge |
PWN (590) |
Achene; stout rhizome; water, gravity | East Cascades, except in south British Columbia, where west to Virginia; British Columbia to Oregon, east to Newfoundland and Florida; marshes or standing water, foothills and lowlands |
| Castanea mollissima Fagaceae Chestnut |
DTU (N, A) |
Spiny involucra enclosing one-three nuts (the true fruit); water, gravity, synzochory | -- |
| Celtis douglasii (reticulata) Ulmaceae Hackberry |
DTN (75) |
Drupe, ellipsoid-globose, 6-8 mm, pulp thin sweet, ingested by large animals | Open, often rocky areas, especially alon grivers such as the Snake River; east Washington to California, east to Idaho, Utah, and Arizona |
| Centaurea cyanus Asteraceae Cornflower, bachelor's button |
AFE (499) |
Achene, pappus 1-3 mm; creeping below ground; epizochory, wind, gravity | Cosmopolitan; sometimes cultivated |
| Centaurea diffusa Asteraceae Tumble knapweed |
AFE (498) |
Achenes, Pappus of several graduated bristles; epizochory, tumbles-wind | Eurasian, weedy, local, sometimes abundant |
| Centaurea solstitialis Asteraceae Knapweed (yellow-star thistle |
AFE (499) |
Achene, pappus present; spines; epizochory, gravity | Eurasian, weedy, chiefly east Cascades |
| Cerastiurn viscosum Caryophyllaceae Sticky chickweed |
AFE (114) |
Capsule, 1-celled; seeds about 0.5 mm; gravity | Europe, rare weed within Pacific Northwest, Pullman, Washington, and from Union County, and from near LaGrande, Oregon |
| Ceratophyllum demersum Ceratophyllaceae Hornwort |
PWN (123) |
Flattened achene, 4-6 mm with a terminal hooked spine up to 12 mm and two divergent basal spines 1-6 mm; epizochory, water | Standing to slow-moving water, cosmopolitan, most common in Washington and Oregon |
| Chaenactis douglasii Asteraceae Hoary chaenactis, or false- yarrow |
PFN (500 |
Achene; pappus of hyaline scales; taproot, wind, water, gravity | Widespread and variable (four varieties) |
| Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae Lambsquarter, pigweed |
AFN (99) |
Utricle, pericarp gen tightly adherent to seed; endozochory, gravity | Weed of gardens and wastelands |
| Chenopodium capitatum Chenopodiaceae Strawberry blite |
AFN (97) |
Utricle, seeds ~ .9 x .6 mm; endozochory, gravity | Semi-weedy, widespread in the Pacific Northwest, Alaska to California, east to Quebec, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New Mexico |
| Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus Asteraceae Tall green rabbitbrush |
MSN (502) |
Achenes 3.5-4 mm, pappus of numerous capillary bristles 5 mm; reproduces from seed; wind | Widespread in desert and dry foothills of East Cascades |
| Chrysotharnnus nauseosus albicaulis Asteraceae Whitestem gray rabbitbrush |
MSN (502) |
Achenes 2 x 5 mm pubescent, pappus of numerous capillary bristles; reproduces from seed and root sprouts; wind | Common and widespread |
| Cichorium intybus Asteraceae Common chicory |
PFE (503) |
Glabrous achene, 2-3 mm, long taproot, pappus of 2-3 series of scales; wind | Eurasian; cosmopolitan weed, common especially in west Cascades |
| Cicuta douglasii Umbelliferae Western waterhemlock |
PWN (322) |
Schizocarp 2-5 mm; tuberous root; water, gravity | Marshes, ditches, and wet low places; plains and lowland to mont; widespread cordilleran sp. |
| Circaea alpina Onagraceae Alpine circaea |
PFE (305) |
Fruit pear-shaped, 2 mm, covered with short, hooked hairs; seeds glab; rhizomatous, epizochory | Eurasian; cool, damp woods; Alaska to California, east to Newfoundland and Georgia; weed in woodland gardens |
| Cirsium arvense horridum Asteraceae Canadian thistle |
PFE (503) |
Achenes glabrous, pappus of plumose bristles; deep- seated creeping roots; wind, water | Eurasian, weed, cosmopolitan |
| Cirsium brevistylum Asteraceae Short-styled thistle |
AFN (505) |
Achenes glabrous, pappus of plumose bristles; wind, water | Widespread in Pacific Northwest, in moist places up to middle elevations in the mountains |
| Cirsium undulatum Asteraceae Wavyleaved thistle |
PFN (504) |
Achenes, weakly spreading by creeping roots; pappus of plumose bristles; wind, water | Stouter plant of dry hillsides and other well-drained sites |
| Cirsium vulgare Asteraceae Bull or common thistle |
AFE (503) |
Achene, pappus of plumose bristles; wind, water | Eurasian; widespread |
| Clarkia pulchella Onagraceae Pink faires, deer horn, ragged robbin, elkhorns |
AFN (305) |
Capsule; gravity, water | South British Columbia, east Cascades, to southeast Oregon, east to Idaho and western Montana |
| Claytonia arenicola Portulacaceae Sand montia |
PFN (108) |
Three-valved capsule; taproot; water, gravity | Moist to dry places; Lincoln County, Washington, to Wallowa County, Oregon, and adjacent Idaho |
| Claytonia perfoliata Portulacaceae Miner's lettuce |
AWN (108) |
Three-valved capsule; taproot; water, gravity | Moist at least in spring, valleys to lower mountains; British Columbia south, both sides of Cascades, to Baja California, east to Dakotas, Wyoming, Utah, and Arizona |
| Clematis ligusticifolia Rannunculaceae Western clematis, virgins- bower |
LSN (129) |
Numerous achenes with persistent feathery styles, probably ~1.5 x 5 mm. Herbaceous perrenial to woody vines; wind | Sagebrush desert to ponderosa pine forest; British Columbia to south California, east of Cascades in Washington, but in Columbia River Gorge and on both sides of Cascades in Oregon, east to Dakotas and New Mexico |
| Cleome lutea Capparidaceae Yellow spiderflower |
AFN (180) |
Dehiscent, linear capsule, 15-35 mm; gravity, myrmecochory | Sandy desert plains and lower montane valleys; east Washington to California, east to Montana, Nebraska, and Texas |
| Collinsia parviflora Scrophulariaceae Littleflower collinsia |
AFN (422) |
Capsules ellipsoid, 2-4 mm wide; seeds with thickened, inrolled margins; gravity | Widespread in vernally mesic habitats in western North America |
| Collomia grandiflora Polemoniaceae Large-flowered collomia |
AFN (368) |
Three locules, one-seeded, seeds mucilaginous when moistened; taprooted, throw, gravity | Dry, open places at middle and lower elevations |
| Collomia linearis Polemoniaceae Narrow-leaved collomia |
AFN (368) |
Three locules, one-seeded; taprooted, throw, gravity | Seldom at high elevation, widespread, chiefly East Cascades |
| Collomia macrocalyx Polemoniaceae Bristle-flowered collomia |
AFN (368) |
Locules one-seeded, taprooted; throw, gravity | Seldom at high elevations, local in Gilliam County, Oregon |
| Conium maculatum Apiaceae Poison hemlock |
AFE (323) |
Dry schizocarp, 2-2.5 mm; wind, water, gravity | European; ditches and other disturbed sites; widely established in North America and common in western Cascades |
| Convovolus arvensis Convolvulaceae Field morning-glory, small bindweed |
PLE (364) |
Capsule; rhizomatous; wind, water, gravity | European; common noxious weed, especially in cultivated fields |
| Conyza canadensis Asteraceae Horseweed, Canadian fleabane |
AFN (506) |
Achene, pappus of capillary bristles; wind, water, gravity | Widespread weed |
| Cornus stolonifera Cornaceae Red-osier dogwood |
DTN (339) |
Drupe, two-seeded, 7-9 mm, seed ~4.5 x 4.5 mm; mammals, birds (ornithocory) | Alaska to Newfoundland, south in Rocky Mountains to Mexico, east to Montana and Pennsylvania |
| Crataegus columbiana Rosaceae Columbia hawthorn |
DTN (210) |
Pome, generally >two-stoned, seeds probably ~6 x 8 mm; endozochory | Both sides of Cascades, east Cascades, south British Columbia to north Oregon, east to Montana and Idaho |
| Crataegus douglasii Rosaceae Black hawthorn |
DTN (210) |
Pome, generally >two-stoned, probably ~6 x 8 mm; endozochory | Both sides of Cascades, Alaska to California, from coast inland to Alta, Dakotas, Wyoming, and Ontario |
| Crataegus monogyna Rosaceae Hawthorn, thornapple |
DTU (209) |
Pome; endozochory especially ornithozochory | Escaped from cultivation; chiefly western Cascades |
| Crepis atrabara orininalis Asteraceae Slender hawks beard |
PFN (508) |
Achenes often beaked, 10-20 ribbed, pappus of numerous capillary bristles; taproot; wind | Dry, open places up to middle elevation in mountains of east Cascades |
| Cryptantha falccida Boraginaceae Weak-stemmed crytantha |
AFN (389) |
Nutlets; taproot; gravity | Dry, open places, central and southeastern Washington to western Idaho and south California; common |
| Cryptantha leucophaea Boraginaceae Gay cryptantha, forget-me- not |
PFN (388) |
Nutlets smooth, scar closed, taproot; gravity | Dry plains of central Washington and adjacent Oregon |
| Cynoglossum occidentale Boraginaceae Common hound's tongue |
AFN (390) |
Nutlets, 7-10 mm; taprooted; epizochory, gravity | With ponderosa pine; California north to Blakc Butte, Jefferson County, Oregon |
| Cynoglossum officinale Boraginaceae Western hound's tongue |
AFN (390) |
Nutlets; taprooted; epizochory, gravity | Weedy |
| Cyperus acuminatus Cyperaceae Short-pointed flatsedge |
AWN (596) |
Achene; water, gravity | Wet, low places in valleys and lowland, tolerant of alkali; North Dakota to Georgia, west to Pacific, seldom in the Pacific Northwest |
| Cyperus erythrorhyzos Cyperaceae Flatsedge, red-rooted |
(596) | Achene, .7-1.0 mm; water, gravity | Wet places, valleys, and lowlands, especially along banks of streams an dmajor rivers; widespread in USA and south Canada, but seldom collected in the Pacific Northwest |
| Cyperus rivularis Cyperaceae Flatsedge, shinging |
AWN (596) |
Achene; water, gravity | Widespread in USA and south Canada, but more common east, and rarely collected in the Pacific Northwest, South to South America |
| Cyperus strigosus Cyperaceae Flatsedge, straw-colored |
PWN (596) |
Achenes, 1.3-2.5 mm, with winged rachillas; wind, water, gravity, sticking to muddy feet of waterfowl | Wet places at lower elevations, as along banks of large streams; widespread |
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Last Updated: 09:54 10.04.98
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