Mill Creek Master Plan
Main Report - Volume 1

Section 6 to the End

Section 6 - Design Criteria

Section 7 - Special Problems and Constraints

Section 8 - Recommendations, Summary, and Conclusions

6.01. GENERAL

Design principles and criteria particularly appropriate to MCP are discussed throughout this section. The design principles and criteria found in paragraphs 6.03. through 6.09. of this section are extracted from Engineer Manual (EM)1100-1-400, Recreation Planning and Design Criteria. The design of facilities should be done by an environmental design team. "All project features are designed so that the visual and human-cultural values associated with the project will be protected, preserved, or maintained to the maximum extent possible. Specific ecological considerations include actions to preserve critical habitats of fish and wildlife; accomplish sedimentation and erosion control maintain water quality; or regulate streamflow, runoff, and groundwater supplies; and avoidance or mitigation of actions whose effect would be to reduce scarce biota, ecosystems, or basic resources. In the development of individual project features, consideration is given to the needs for architectural design, land treatment, or other resource conservation measures. Emphasis is given to developing measures for realizing the full scenic potential of the project feature as it affects the overall project. This is accomplished by providing for cover reforestation, erosion control, landscape planting, management of vegetation, healing of construction scars, prevention of despoilment, and other related activities for all project lands" (EM 1110-2-38).

6.02. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES PUBLICATIONS.

General policies and procedures for planning, design, operation, and maintenance of recreation facilities at Corps civil works projects are given in the engineer manuals (EM's), ER's, and engineer pamphlets (EP's) referenced below. These publications guide the development of recreational facilities to assure they are of the highest quality and serve the health, safety, and enjoyment of the visiting public.

1. EM 385-1-1, Safety and Health Requirements Manual.

2. ER 1130-2-401, Visitor Center Program.

3. EM 1110-2-410, Design of Recreation Areas and Facilities - Access and Circulation.

4. ER 1120-2-400, Recreation Resources Planning.

5. ER 1130-22-400, Management of Natural Resources and Outdoor Recreation at Civil Works Water Resource Projects, Chapter 1.

6. ER 1165-2-400, Recreation Planning, Development, and Management Policies.

7. EP 310-1-6, Graphic Standards Manual.

8. EP 310-1-6a and b, Sign Standard Manual.

6.03. DESIGN APPROACH.

a. Interdisciplinary Team Approach.

The design of all facilities will be a fully-coordinated team effort among the planning, design, construction, operation, and non-Federal elements. This interaction will begin with initial planning concepts and continue throughout the construction and operational phases of the project. Items such as roads, parking areas, launching ramps, campsites, beach developments, and similar facilities should be field-staked, evaluated, and field-adjusted by the design team during the developmental phase. The design team will periodically visit the sites/areas during construction to determine whether field conditions are as anticipated, as well as to consult with construction personnel in interpreting the plans and specifications. These site visits will also be used to observe and correct any problems not apparent or fully evaluated in the design. The team approach should be used for all aspects of Federal projects, as well as for the review and approval of plans to be developed by non-Federal entities. The evaluation process is not finished when construction is completed. The team should observe facilities during project operations to correct inconsistencies between design and usage, and gain experience for future design.

b. Site Selection and Layout.

Selected sites should be conducive to the development and enjoyment of outdoor recreation. It is desirable for the site to relate closely to areas designated for vegetation and wildlife conservation for the mutual protection provided.

c. Cost Effectiveness.

Care must be taken to avoid overdesign and underdesign in both the size and the number of facilities. Economy of scale and life-cycle cost analysis, using cost-effective materials, must be considered. Facilities should be consistent with anticipated visitation and the carrying capacity of the site (refer to volume 2 for a discussion of MCP's carrying capacity). Cost-effective, off-the-shelf items should be incorporated where compatible with RO's established in the MP.

d. Design for Efficient Operation.

Areas should be developed for single uses with their controlled entrances. However, in the event of consolidation of multiple-use areas, a single controlled entrance to the consolidated area is the most efficient.

e. Standardization.

A standard architectural design for restrooms, offices, and maintenance facilities will be developed for MCP. Facilities design must take into account common local building materials, availability, building practices, regional architectural themes, compatibility with adjacent development, state and local building codes, and maintenance practices.

f. Color.

Colors of paint or stain should remain in the earth tones of the grey-brown-green range, with muted warm accents. Designers should avoid the use of primary, vibrant, or pure colors; and will emphasize the use of dusty, muted, and natural earth tones. All exposed metal work will either be painted a warm, dark, chocolate brown (PMI #462), or will be made of self-weathering steel. This same brown will also be repeated in the background color of all signs, as well as in the naturally-weathered tone of creosoted timbers.

g. Future Development in Existing Areas.

Development may be permitted in existing areas under certain circumstances. Where modification or renovation of existing facilities is required, special design attention must be given to the following:

• Improving health, safety, and security features for the visitor.

• Resource carrying capacity.

• Maintaining environmental quality.

• Reducing operation and maintenance costs.

• Enhancing revenue collection potential.

• Attracting potential non-Federal sponsors.

In existing areas, capital costs already invested should not be considered as the primary governing factor for determining the types of future use of an area. Changes may be made where necessary and justified.

h. Barrier-Free Facility Design.

All design will provide for equal access to, and utilization of, facilities by all visitors. Standards for the design of facilities accessible by persons with disabilities are presented in Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (49 CFR 31528).The standards are to be applied during the design, construction, and alteration of buildings and facilities. There are, however, certain situations where these provisions need not be provided. These situations include the following:

(1) Certain overlooks (i.e., observation towers or decks) that are accessible only by steep trails or a series of stairways.

(2) All comfort stations within a common recreational site need not be accessible by everyone. If site conditions exist that would make it cost prohibitive to make every comfort station accessible, at least one station should be made accessible to persons with disabilities, and it should be located in the most convenient portion of the area.

(3) All boat ramps and courtesy docks need not be accessible if prohibited by site conditions. If multiple ramps and docks are to be provided within a recreational area, at least one should be accessible.

(4) All primitive camping areas need not be accessible.

(5) All hiking, walking, and nature trails need not be accessible.

i. Environmental Protection and Enhancement.

Designs should minimize the impact of development on the natural environmental qualities of the site. This will preclude difficulties in obtaining certain permits prior to the construction phase. The design team should closely monitor the construction and operational activities to ensure compliance with prescribed environmental protection requirements.

j. Carrying Capacity.

A quality recreation area is dependent on design and construction that is fully compatible with the physical attributes, resources, and social carrying capacity of the site. Under no circumstances should facilities be forced on the resource to meet a prescribed number of facilities. The carrying capacity of areas within MCP was determined in volume 2, section 3.

k. Access and Circulation.

Access and circulation roads into recreation areas play a major role in influencing the recreation experience. The design and location of roads, parking areas, boat ramps, walks, steps, and trails must be in accordance with the philosophy and intent of how the public will use and participate in the recreation activities. Criteria, data, and basic design considerations for access and circulation in recreation areas is the subject of EM 1110-2-410, and must be used in conjunction with this manual.

l. Information Transfers.

The importance of information transfer cannot be overemphasized. It is critical to the success of recreation programs that the people involved in the planning, design, and operation of facilities exchange ideas, information, and technology. This information can be gained from field visits, conferences, and publications.

6.04. HEALTH,SAFETY, AND SECURITY.

a. General.

The health, safety, and security of the general public at recreational areas must be designed into facilities from the beginning of the planning stages and continued throughout the design, construction, and operation stage. Engineer manuals and regulations in the 385 series establish the safety program requirement for all Corps activities, and pertinent provisions of these publications will be applied. All facilities and equipment will comply with applicable Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards, National Fire Protection Association standards, and Consumer Product Safety Commission standards and guides. All Corps standards established in EM 1110-1-400 will also apply to facility design in outgranted areas.

b. Protection and Control.

Access to recreation areas should be controlled with natural barriers (i.e., berms, ditches, gates, barricades, and/or fencing). This protects the natural resources and the general public by keeping them within designated areas and away from potentially hazardous conditions.

c. Gates and Barricades.

Control gates will be located at the main park entrance and at entrances to camping loops, picnic areas, and other recreation facilities that must be temporarily closed for maintenance, quiet hours, seasonal closures, or overuse rejuvenation.

Barricades will be installed where a road has been closed and vacated due to inundation. Warning signs will be placed at sufficient distances from the barricade to allow gentle vehicle stops.

Where the occasional inundation of a road occurs, a temporary barricade, in accordance with the manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, will be installed. These barricades will be installed when lake forecasts indicate that a road will be impassable due to flooding. The barricades will be removed as soon as the road is usable.

Rocks, earth berms, shrubs, trees, ditches, etc., may be used as barricades when considered appropriate for traffic control.

d. Fencing.

Total or partial fencing of park boundaries may be required to prevent park users from trespassing onto adjacent private property, to restrict vehicular access to designated areas, and to adequately delineate property lines to prevent encroachment by adjacent land owners. Fencing may also be required to protect the public from hazardous conditions (i.e., steep bluffs and outlet works), and to provide security for sensitive areas (i.e., maintenance storage areas and historical and archaeological sites). Fencing materials will be functionally and aesthetically appropriate for their intended use: barbed wire for the control of cattle; highly visible cable next to subdivisions; 6-foot chain link, with three strands of barbed wire, around sensitive areas and hazardous conditions (e.g., maintenance compounds); and woven wire with one or two strands of barbed wire around service facilities such as water and sewer treatment facilities. Pedestrian gates, stiles, or openings will be placed in the fence at reasonable intervals to provide public access to unrestricted public lands. Policy and guidance on the fencing of project boundariesare provided in ER 1130-2-400.

e. Guardrails.

The use of guardrails should be limited to sharp curves, high roadway embankments, and fills around structures that are located close to roadways, as well as for barricading straight-in access roads that end in the lake. Aesthetically compatible material should be used within parks.

f. Buoys.

Buoys or buoy lines will be provided to alert boaters to restricted areas, swimming areas, danger zones, hazardous areas, slow speed areas, boat lanes, etc., and will conform to the current Uniform State Waterway Marking System. Where no boat traffic is to be allowed (at outlet works, spillways, water intakes), buoys will be interconnected with steel cable, booms, or other suitable devices to prevent unauthorized entry. Buoys and suitable warning signs will be placed and maintained upstream and downstream of an outlet work. Buoys will be located upstream from a maximum discharge through the outlet works or draft tubes. Floating warning signs, attached to the buoy lines, will be of sufficient size to adequately warn boaters before approaching the hazardous area. Downstream buoys and suitable warning devices will be placed to prevent fishermen from entering strong currents released during high discharges.

g. Signs.

Signs will be provided only where needed to regulate traffic, warn of hazardous conditions, establish restrictions (and restricted areas), and to provide information. Examples of sign placement are bluffs where diving is prohibited, slippery surfaces on boat ramps, downstream of dams and tailraces, restricted areas for authorized personnel only, prohibited fishing areas, or boating areas. Detailed guidance on all traffic and warning signs and their placement will comply with the current manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, and chapter 4 of EP 310-1-6. Informational bulletin boards will be provided in public use areas containing project maps, emergency numbers, Title 336 rules and regulations, safety tips, and general information.

h. Telephones.

Wherever feasible, public pay phones will be provided in public use areas. Phone service should also be provided toentrance stations for security purposes.

i. Courtesy Boat Docks.

Courtesy boat docks, minimally sized to accommodate safe use, and suitable for access by persons with disabilities, should be provided at all boat ramps, when economically feasible to install and maintain. Floating courtesy docks are preferred on pools that fluctuate. Fixed docks may be used on stationary pools. Docks will be located as close to the ramp as possible without creating boat traffic congestion to provide short-term convenience. Access to the dock will be directly adjacent to the ramp.

j. Lighting.

(1) Safety.

All boat ramps, major road intersections, and major facilities (i.e., restrooms, group shelters, entrance stations) will have adequate lights, when available at a reasonable cost. Care should be taken not to overlight certain areas, and detract from the atmosphere of the recreational experience.

(2) Security.

All maintenance areas, outlet works, and other major service facilities will have sufficient lighting to protect against vandalism and theft.

k. Access Roads to Boat Launching Ramps.

Access roads to launching ramps will be designed to require a deliberate turn from the approach onto the ramp. Traffic control devices (i.e., berms, barricades, and traffic islands) may be used to ensure that access roads are not in direct alignment with the ramp. As a general rule, 25 car and trailer parking spaces per lane should be provided, except where demand or site conditions require deviations.

l. Power and Communication Lines.

Overhead power and communication lines will not be permitted across boat launching access roads, parking lots, or are as where sailboats are rigged. Overhead power and communication lines in other areas will have clearances that comply with ER 1110-2-4401.

m. Park Entrance Facilities.

A manned park entrance facility is normally provided at major use areas for visitor information and assistance, surveillance, security, and fee collection. Gates and other vehicular controls should be provided in order to control quiet hours traffic. Emergency telephone numbers should be posted near public telephones in a well-lit area.

Physical security of the entrance stations should be considered in design. Since these structures serve as a receiving and temporary storage point for user fee funds, a secure vault or safe should be considered in the design of these facilities.

n. Steps, Walks, Ramps, and Handrails.

Access to buildings and other recreational facilities should be via safe, well-lit steps and walks. Handrails and ramps should be provided as required by EM 385-1-1.

o. Industrial Hygiene/Health Hazards.

Recreation areas should not present health hazards to the public. Information on any hazardous material should be provided to the Resource Manager identifying necessary controls and precautions to be taken during operation and maintenance.

6.05. STRUCTURES.

a. General.

The basic objective in the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of comfort stations, shelters, and other buildings in recreational areas is to provide adequate facilities for the use and support of the visiting public.The structures should be identifiable, convenient, and economical to construct and maintain. The structures should be attractive, but should not be the focal point of the public recreational experience. Design factors should include, but are not limited to the following:

• Building shapes and forms should be sensitive and complementary to the natural environment in which they are sited, and they should be reflective of the character and style of other major structures in the vicinity.

• Building and landscape designs will reinforce each other in achieving compatibility with the environment through the use of forms, pattern, textures, colors (see paragraph 6.03.f.), and materials. The buildings and landscape should complement the site, blending rather than contrasting, using natural forms and materials rather than artifice, to present a uniform design statement of quality aesthetics.

• Building materials, finishes, and systems selection should reflect those that may be procured, constructed, and maintained at a reasonable cost. Selections should consider the quality requirement of the work force, the inefficiencyof a remote construction site, and replacement costs. The structures will be planned for a 25-year life. Actual design of site-specific structures will required a 25-year life-cycle cost analysis of major materials and systems that will consider first costs and maintenance costs.

• Buildings should be functional and energy efficient, utilizing natural lighting and ventilation without undue compromise to public health, security, and privacy standards.

• Pre-engineered, prefabricated, or pre-cut structures may be considered in lieu of individually designed structures. However, prior to proceeding with design, a 25-year life-cycle cost analysis will be performed on the two types of construction, including a determination of the impact on aesthetic/climatic environmental values and maintenance requirements.

b. Sanitary Facilities.

These structures provide toilet facilities for the visiting public. They are normally free-standing, and are sited in an unobtrusive but convenient location in day-use and boat ramp areas. User safety should be considered in siting these structures, in order to minimize the need for the user to cross roads.

(1) Drinking Fountains.

One drinking fountain should be provided on the exterior of each sanitary facility, or in the near vicinity. The drinking fountain should be accessible to persons with disabilities. The fountain should not be located in the immediate vicinity of exterior lighting because of insect attraction.

(2) Comfort Stations.

A comfort station should be sited and sized to provide facilities for the majority of users inside a 600-foot radius. This distance is optimum, and may vary where local codes or site conditions require a larger or smaller radius. For example, if the recreational site is linear, the travel distance to a comfort station should be increased rather than providing an additional structure. Detailed guidance is contained in EM 1110-1-400.

c. Water Supply/Pump House.

The structures are normally free-sanding and located at the well head. Consideration may be given to locating the equipment within a pipe-chase area of a comfort station or washhouse structure. The advantage to this location is to reduce vandalism and the cost of the pumphouse construction. If included with a toilet facility, any modification to provide additional space for the equipment should be compared to the cost of a separate building. Care must be taken to ensure that state and local health requirements are met regarding the separation of water supply and sanitary disposal facilities. Whether free-standing or included within another building, attention must be given to maintenance access, particularly the ability to remove and replace items such as well pumps and piping. If a free-standing pumphouse must be provided, the architectural treatment should be consistent with other structures in the area. Interior finish should be minimal, since these structures are not meant for public use. The pump house may be a pit-type structure where aesthetics or freeze protection are an issue. Adequate visual screening should be provided.

d. Shelters.

These structures provide the visiting public with protection from the elements. Shelters are normally sited in day-use areas.

Group shelters provide an assembly area for visitor group activities (i.e., picnics, meetings, and/or interpretive programs). Sidewalls are not usually provided, but one or more walls may be constructed if required by site conditions. Group shelters should be accessible to persons with disabilities, and sized for between four to twelve 6-person picnic tables, with adequate circulation space between tables. The floor should be a smooth, hard-surfaced material, such as brushed concrete. Cooking facilities (i.e., fireplace or adjustable charcoal grills) may be provided. They may be integral with the shelter, or provided as free-standing units adjacent to the shelter. If they are free-standing, the direction of prevailing breezes should be considered for smoke control. Water, lighting, power outlets, and trash receptacles should be provided. Design of the roof structural system should consider the use of posts and beams rather than trusses or rafters, in order to reduce the occurrence of bird roosts and the attraction of undesirable insects and other pests.

e. Overlooks.

Overlook structures, with or without a roof, may be provided in locations to maximize the enjoyment of the area by the visiting public. They are accessed by road, walkways, or trails. Appropriate parking for cars and buses should be provided when justified by the number of expected visitors. Overlooks should be accessible to the handicapped, the elderly, and the young. However, if accessibility is economically prohibited because of site conditions or the configuration of the outlook (e.g., a tower), consideration should be given to the development of an additional overlook that will provide and optimum view but would allow persons with disabilities, the elderly, and the very young with an opportunity to participate. The observation area should provide seating and a hard-surfaced deck material. A comfort station and/or drinking fountain may also be provided if justified by the visitation.

f. Entrance Stations.

These structures are small buildings, located within or adjacent to the entrance/exit roadways to camping areas or day-use areas. They may be occupied by one or two persons whose basic functions are to assist visitors, assign campsites, and/or collect user fees. Windows and doors in these structures should afford the occupant a view of both incoming and outgoing traffic. A pass window on each side should be provided to enable the occupant to transact business without leaving the station. Security considerations must be given to the safekeeping of the collected fees. These considerations include, but are not limited to, a counter with cash drawer, a secured vault or safe, and adjustable shades or blinds to obscure the occupant when money is being counted. A small private toilet may be provided if required by site conditions. The structures should be heated and/or air-conditioned according to climate conditions. Control stations may be permanent structures or temporary buildings mounted on skids. If a physical barrier is required, special design features (i.e., plantings, water courses, or changes in elevation) should be used to avoid a fenced-in condition. The layout of the actual entrance station itself should also be given special design consideration to prevent the commercial look. It should also be designed and located with the movement of visitors as a primary factor. Power, telephone, and restroom facilities should be provided.

g. Information Centers.

Information centers are provided to disseminate project-related information to the visiting public. Information presented should help the visitor enjoy the project facilities and its benefits, as well as understand the role of the Corps. A portion of the project office may be used as an information center. The size, scope, and complexity of visitor facilities will vary, but all share the basic objectives of accommodating and informing the visiting public (see ER 1130-2-401 for further information).

6.06. UTILITIES

a. General.

Utilities must be provided, as necessary, to support recreation facilities and the needs of the public. Appropriate alignment and location is very important for aesthetics, costs, and management reasons. Accurate visitation data are extremely important in the design of all utility systems. Design for new projects should be based on anticipated or projected visitation. Area renovation should be based on actual historical visitation figures. In the design of utility systems, emphasis will be placed on the cost of installing, operating, and maintaining the systems. These systems must meet all Federal, State, and local criteria and standards for health and safety. Utilities (i.e., power and telephone lines, water, gas, and sewer mains) that occupy or cross road right-of-way should be considered in the location and design of the road. Normally, all utility lines should be placed underground, unless cost or other special conditions make such an installation prohibitive. Underground utilities should be located outside the roadway to avoid any disturbance to traffic during utility maintenance activities. Underground alignments can be traced by the placement of metallic tape in the utility trench. Electric and telephone lines may be placed in a common trench. Water and sanitary lines should be placed in separate trenches from power and telephone lines.

b. Power.

Wherever feasible, all electric power lines should be placed underground inside recreation areas. Lines between use are as and lines from site boundaries to use areas can be placed above ground only if they do not interfere with safety, maintenance, or aesthetics. Overhead lines should not be placed where they become a safety hazard to sailboats, and are not to be placed over access roads to boat launching ramps or parking lots. Overhead powerlines should be aligned behind forest cover, and out of view whenever possible. Clearances are to be thoroughly checked in accordance with NFPA-70, ANSI C2, and ER 1110-2-4401.

(1) Private Power Utilities.

Private power utilities serving the facility are to be contacted at the concept state to assure that power is available inthe vicinity and that utility connection charges are included in cost estimates.

(2) Electricity.

Electricity may be provided to campsites and fees charged in accordance with ER 1130-2-404. Electrical hookups at campsites should be placed on the driver's side, at the rear of the parking pad. Ground-fault circuit interrupters are to be installed in accordance with NFPA-70. The main switch is to be located above the flood control elevation.

(3) Exterior Lighting.

Vandal-resistant exterior lighting is to be provided where appropriate for the safety and security of the visitor. Exterior lights should be controlled with photoelectric cells or timed switches.

(4) Solar Powered Lighting.

Where economically feasible, and for safety and security, solar panel powered lighting should be considered if utility power is not available or utility line installation is too expensive.

c. Telephone Service.

Public pay telephone service should be provided wherever appropriate for visitor safety and security.

d. Water Supply Systems.

Water systems serving recreation areas are similar in some respects to rural community systems. As a rule, they are rather compact, have branching-type distribution piping, and must respond to widely varying water use rates that may be affected by many variables. Variables affecting water use rates include state and/or local regulations, location, type of facilities provided, visitation, visitor use, seasonal requirements, day of the week, special events, irrigation requirements, and weather conditions.

(1) Corps Guidance.

Table 6-1 provides estimated use rates for determining water supply needs for facilities at various recreation areas.

(2) Peak Water Use.

Peak water use rates suitable for design purposes may be determined by consideration of particular facilities to be provided, together with an estimate of the maximum expected visitation. Detailed guidance is provided in EM 1110-2-503.

(3) Water Sources.

Potable water will be used in all supply systems. Municipal water systems will be used whenever feasible. The second most desirable source for a recreation area is wells. In the event of competing sources other than municipal systems, the source chosen should be based on capitalized cost rather than only the initial cost. If the system requires chlorination, special attention must be made to ensure safe working conditions for employees (use of hypochlorinators is the preferred method).

(4) Water Storage.

The quantity of water storage is dependent upon the amount and reliability of the water source and variation in use. The operating level of water storage and distribution line size should be such that a minimum pressure of 30 to 40 pounds per square inch exists at each building requiring flush valves. The location of water storage tanks, hydropneumatic tanks, standpipes, or elevated storage tanks should be such that they do not detract from the aesthetics of the area.

(5) Fire Protection Requirements.

Criteria for determining fire flow requirements can be found in EM 1110-2-503. Generally, structures addressed in this section will be constructed in accordance with the National Fire Protection Association, the Uniform Building Code, or local building codes, whichever is the most stringent.

e. Sewage and Wastewater Systems.

Sanitary waste disposal and/or treatment is one of the most crucial aspects of park development. Adequate disposal and/or treatment of all waste is a necessity, and park development and expansion cannot proceed without these facilities. All designs for sewage disposal or wastewater treatment systems will be in compliance with all state and local requirements.

(1) Sewage Disposal.

The most desirable method of sewage disposal is to tie into a municipal system where feasible. This should be done even if initial costs are somewhat higher than other disposal systems, as the system may prove economical on a capitalized cost basis. Where municipal waste treatment systems are not available, but on-site treatment and disposal are required, land treatment should be evaluated as an alternate to any positive discharge treatment system. A life-cycle cost analysis should be used to evaluate disposal system costs. If sewage lagoons are used, they should be fenced and kept out of sight. If this is not possible, a buffer of plant materials should be provided to screen the lagoon from the view of visitors. Care should be taken to locate all treatment systems down-wind from the recreation complex.

(2) Vault, Pit, Sand Filter, and Waterless Composting Systems.

If permitted by state and local health standards, these systems may be used if visitation is too low to justify connecting to a central system or it is impractical or not recommended to connect.

(3) Specific Guidance.

Sewage quantities for use in the design of sewage and wastewater disposal systems can be found in EM 1110-2-501, part 2. The design and specification for sewage disposal systems is site specific. The selected system must be cost effective and meet all required state and local standards. Accurate visitation projections are required to determine sewage treatment needs.

a. General.

Areas selected for recreation d evelopment may possess outstanding natural features of earth, rock, water, or plant materials. It is the responsibility of the design team to ensure that these attractions are used to optimum advantageduring site development. The physical properties of the site should be inventoried, and it should be determined which features are most conducive to the proposed development. Design should be adapted to utilize these features to the maximum extent. Existing plant materials should be incorporated into the proposed design whenever possible. This can be accomplished by laying out the proposed facility so that existing trees or shrubs are utilized in planting islands or natural areas. Existing trees and vegetation that are to be retained within the limits of the construction area should be cordoned off or fenced to prevent damage. Tree wells or retaining walls might also be used to protect the existing ground line of plant materials designated to be retained. In some cases, thinning of existing vegetation may be desirable. Fifty- to sixty- percent shade is more desirable and conducive to all activities. Dense shade is the least desirable. Thinning should include selective clearing of undesirable trees to allow unrestricted growth of young vigorous trees, especially hardwoods. If additional plants are required, they should be native species indigenous to the site or ornamental species that are growth zone compatible. These species should be low maintenance varieties and hardy to the area. The use of a tree spade to transplant trees from an adjacent site should also be considered. Facilities should be placed where desired grade already exists. If it is necessary to alter the grade of the site, it might be advantageous to remove and stockpile the topsoil from the area to be disturbed for use in restoration measures. Contoured earth berms should be considered in the landscape plans to enhance the aesthetic qualities of the site. Water courses or natural springs should be staked or fenced to prevent damage from contractor activities.

b. Vegetation Planting.

The specific function or purpose of plants should be the basis for their use in a recreation design. Plants should not only be used for beautification, but should be used in solving environmental, management, and wildlife habitat concerns.The following is a guide for the use of plant materials in solving these problems.

(1) Architectural.

Closely spaced plants create walls and screens. Undesirable views (i.e., junk yards, service and storage areas, parking lots, garbage stations, electrical transformers, and many other negative features) can be screened with plants, berms, and/or architectural fences. The effective screen of plant materials and/or berms can also seclude activities such as sunbathing, camping, picnicking, or nature-watching. Proper selection and placement of plants must be considered for areas requiring security and surveillance.

(2) Engineering.

Trees, shrubs, ground cover, and turf may be used to control soil erosion. One such process, known as biotechnical soil protection, uses plants as major structural components, often in conjunction with traditional engineering techniques. The live vegetation is installed as structural members. The various types of bioengineering systems provide immediate stabilization, while the shoots and roots develop to form a permanent vegetative cover and the roots reinforce the soil. The systems use native plant material collected in the vicinity of the project to assure that the material is well adapted to site conditions. The plants installed will be members of the natural pioneer community that will act to stabilize and improve soil, and prepare the site for the natural succession of a diverse plant community. Wind erosion can also bereduced by the proper use of plant materials. Plants may be used to assist in controlling traffic, while adding to the visual quality of the environment. Properly placed plants can be used to control the traffic associated with bicycles, automobiles, motorcycles, pedestrians, and animals. Plants can many times be substituted for fences, chains, posts, and wires when used to control or direct traffic.

(3) Climatological.

Trees, shrubs, ground cover, and turf, or even a combination of these, are effective in reducing direct as well as reflected solar radiation. They absorb heat, provide shade, and create dead air spaces. Plants can also be used to control wind. Through techniques of placing plants, the wind can be controlled by obstruction, guidance, deflection, and filtration.

(4) Aesthetic.

Plants contribute to the aesthetics of a recreation area, and provide visual relief from manmade structures. In an increasingly manmade world, plants are a welcome relief because of their diversity of form, color, and texture. Although plants are a three-dimensional element, their shadow, reflection, or silhouette may be more important aesthetically than the plant itself. As a three-dimensional object, the plant may be viewed as a sculptural element, viewed for its texture, naturalness, or color.

c. Vegetation Maintenance.

Perhaps the most critical factor in designing for maintenance reduction is the proper selection of plant materials. An incorrect choice of plants will cause increased maintenance. Native trees and shrubs should be selected if at all possible, and then allowed to develop into their natural form without being altered by pruning or shearing. Through proper design and placement of plant materials, maintenance can be greatly reduced. The spacing of trees and shrubs without regards to their mature size is a common problem in landscaping design. Many times, young plants are located too close to structures, utilities, or walks and, as the plant matures, pruning is required to control plant growth. Frequently, large trees are located under or too close to power lines, and excessive trimming or complete removal is later necessary. The removal of snow from roads and parking areas is another factor that might influence the placement of plant materials. The drifting of snow may occur from the improper placement of certain plant materials. Trees that drop messy fruit should be avoided in traffic areas, or where they will cause increased maintenance. Existing vegetation that is diseased, damaged, or otherwise undesirable should be selectively removed. The use of salt for snow removal should be avoided, since salt residue can damage or kill plant materials.

(1) Trees.

The location and growth characteristics of trees can affect overall maintenance requirements. Tree spacing is a critical factor in mowing ease. Trees placed in open lawn areas might require hand trimming, or spacing between trees may prohibit access with large gang mowers. Proper selection of tree species may also reduce maintenance at a later date. The root structure of some trees lift sidewalks or damage asphalt paths, and should be avoided. The size of leaves from some varieties may cause maintenance problems. Consideration should be given to providing irrigation systems to vegetation that requires additional water and is not located in an irrigated area.

(2) Shrubs.

Most of the design principals that apply to proper placement of trees also apply to the initial location of shrubs. One of the most common errors is placing shrubs too close to buildings, walks, or paths. This causes continual pruning and other maintenance problems.

(3) Ground Covers.

The proper selection of ground cover species will determine the maintenance that will be required later. Wild flowers or other native plants and grasses should be used if suitable. A slow-growing ground cover will leave bare spots and increase soil erosion, encourage foot traffic, and create excessive maintenance because of weeds. A good rule to following in ground cover design is to space hardy, fast-growing plants so that they will cover the site as quickly as possible. Long-lived species should be selected, if possible.

(4) Turf.

Since mowing is the greatest time-consuming maintenance activity associated with lawns, special attention should be given to design features that will reduce problems in this area. Small patches of grass in hard-to-reach locations should not be created. Consideration should be given to creating natural or low maintenance areas such as unmown grasses or wild flowers (see WES IR R-86-2). Berms, curves, and slopes should be gentle to facilitate mowing. Slopes of 3-foot horizontal to 1-foot vertical or flatter are recommended. Mowing strips, borders of brick, or concrete set flush with the lawn and used to separate the planting areas from grass will cut down on trimming. Edging material (i.e., metal, heavy plastic, or treated lumber) may also reduce the need for hand trimming, and will control grass.

d. Erosion Control.

Preventing soil erosion at newly developed and existing sites is a major concern through the Corps. Control measures must consider future maintenance requirements. For instance, the use of riprap in small drainage swales along access roads that are mowed should be avoided. The methods of controlling or minimizing soil erosion include the following:

(1) Plant materials, as discussed above.

(2) Proper site grading.

(3) Retaining walls, riprap, or terracing.

(4) Ditches or swales.

(5) Drainage structures.

(6) Erosion control blankets, fabrics, and mesh materials.

(7) Hay or straw mulch with asphalt emulsion.

e. Fire Protection.

Selective pruning and clearing of dry brush and grasse , as well as other locally-approved methods of control should be considered in geographical areas prone to seasonal wild fires. Coordination with state and local fire control agencies should be undertaken.

6.08. SUPPORT ITEMS.

a. General.

The quality of camping, picnicking, or other recreational experiences is often contingent upon the quality, type, and design of support facilities available. The challenge to the designer and manager is to provide aesthetically harmonious, functional facilities that are durable, vandal resistant, and economical to install and maintain.

b. Picnic Tables.

Many standard designs exist for the construction of tables. There are also several commercial sources of well built, economical, prefabricated units and components. The choice of design and construction materials should be based on long-term economy, site-specific functional requirements, durability, comfort, safety, aesthetics, and the ease of maintenance or repair. These factors should not inhibit creativity in harmonizing these and related facilities into the overall site setting.

Tables and related facilities should be located on delineated impact areas reinforced to avoid site deterioration. Such impact areas should be located on the passenger door side of camping vehicles. Tables in picnic areas should be level and located in shade or open sites that are free of roots or stumps, without reinforcement, provided soil compaction will not be a problem. Ideally, tables should be located where afternoon shade is available but, to avoid bird droppings, not directly under trees or branches. They should be sited away from the edge of impact areas, steep slopes, or other obstacles, and 6 to 10 feet away from a fire ring or grill. At least one table per camping or picnic area should be designed and designated for, and be accessible to, persons with disabilities. These sites should be close to restrooms and other support facilities.

Portable tables facilitate off-season storage, and provide flexibility in meeting varying site conditions and public use demands. Heavy-duty wooden tables are durable, minimize theft, and allow rearrangement to accommodate user preference. Light-weight tables may have to be secured to prevent theft or large-scale displacement. Protruding stakes and chains, or similar anchoring methods that may present a safety hazard will not be used.

Design features of tables should include the following features:

• 6- to 8-foot lengths.

• Rounded or chamfered edges.

• No protruding bolts or other safety hazards.

• Ease of sitting without climbing over obstructions.

• Barrier-free for persons with disabilities.

• Rust-resistant metal parts.

• Ease of maintenance and repair.

• Wooden benches in climates where metal benches tend to be cool and damp, or very hot.

• All wooden parts will be splinter resistant, and treated with a preservative approved for human contact.

Where wood is available, campers often desire a warming fire as well as a cooking source. Combination fire rings and grills should be provided to meet these needs. Fire rings at campsites and primitive camping areas contain campfires and help prevent wild fires. They also tend to prevent proliferation of campfire scars that result when campers are free to build fires in locations of their choosing. At picnic areas, and where wood is not available for warming fires, an upright charcoal grill may be provided. Larger charcoal grills are also desirable for group use.

(1) Fire Rings.

A fire ring is often the best way to meet the demands for a warming/cooking fire where wood is available and fires are not prohibited. These fire rings can be made of metal, fire brick, or natural stone. Steel reinforcing bars should not be used with masonry, as differential expansion will cause cracks. Circular units best fit the shape of a fire, and are aesthetically attractive. They can be fabricated in-house or purchased off-the-shelf from various supply sources. A gravel, pumice, or other porous base, with drain tile if necessary, is essential to facilitate drainage of rainwater. Anchor stakes will reduce vandalism. Fire rings should be located a minimum of 10 feet away from picnic tables and overhanging vegetation and, if possible, should be sited downwind of the main living space.

(2) Individual Grills.

Upright charcoal grills may be provided at campsites where wood is not available, where campfires are prohibited, at barrier-free campsites, and at picnic sites. Depending on local use patterns, grills may be provided at all picnic sites. These grills should have adjustable grate height settings, rotation capability, hinged or removable grates for easy cleaning, and must be firmly anchored to prevent theft or relocation.

(3) Group-Use Grills.

One or two large upright grills should be provided at each group picnic shelter or area for large cook-outs. These units should have 1000+ square inches of cooking area, and meet the other general specifications required for individual grills. One or two standard size individual grills may also be desirable for those occasions when the large grills are not necessary.

d. Trash Receptacles.

(1) Dumpsters.

Centralized dumpsters should be utilized where commercial services are available, and when it is cost effective. Siting should take into consideration the ease of access by service vehicles, convenience to the park user, and aesthetics.Dumpsters should be located on a nearby level concrete or gravel pad that is well drained. The dumpster site should be screened with natural or planted vegetation, attractive wooden fencing, or other aesthetic screen. Prevailing winds should be considered in locating the site if odors are likely to be a problem. The site should have direct access by service vehicles to minimize the time spent and the distance traveled within a recreation area. Ample turning and maneuvering space should be planned for the service vehicle.

(2) Consolidation of Individual Receptacles.

Where use of a centralized dumpster is not practical or cost effective, individual receptacles should be grouped and placed in convenient locations. Separate receptacles should only be used when the above method is unavailable or impractical. Individual receptacles (normally galvanized trash cans) should be secured to prevent overturning or theft. Lids should also be secured to the can or holder. Animal-proof covers or holders may be required where such disturbances are a particular problem.

e. Benches.

Benches should be provided, as appropriate, at sites such as picnic areas, campgrounds, playgrounds, overlooks, vistas, rest stops along trails, or other sites that would enhance the recreational experience or meet the needs of the user. They can be creatively combined with other park elements in an economical fashion, such as topping a playground barrier with a 2 -foot by 10-foot board to provide a functional seat where children can rest and parents can supervise. They can be designed to blend with the surrounding setting (e.g., using a split log bench on a nature trail. Off-the-shelf units can be purchased, or benches can be made to specifically harmonize with a particular setting. As a general rule, benches should be comfortable, durable, and attractive. They should be placed in the proper location and orientation to best achieve their basic purpose. Wooden seats and backs, treated with a preservative approved for human contact, are generally preferable to metal or other materials. Creosote and pentachlorophymel-treated woods are not approved for human contact.

f. Other Support Facilities.

Other facilities may be provided to meet specific needs. As with all park facilities, the design and planning of miscellaneous service facilities should be considered with long-term economy and public safety in mind. Some collateral support facilities (i.e., sanitary facilities, drinking fountains, telephones, and informational signs) have beendiscussed in earlier paragraphs in this section. Other facilities may include, but are notlimited to the following:

(1) Firewood Bins.

Firewood dispensing units may be provided at centralized or scattered locations for storage of wood for sale, or for freeuse of wood cut in grounds maintenance operations.

(2) Aluminum Can Collection Stations.

Containers may be provided for the public to deposit aluminum cans for recycling by a non-profit group (e.g., BoyScouts, Campfire Girls, etc.). The organizations may be willing to sponsor such a project by constructing and maintaining the station.

6.09. SPECIFIC AREAS.

a. General.

This section provides information and guidance related to the planning and design of specific areas within recreation areas, sites, or facilities.

b. Camping Areas.

(1) General.

Camping areas are provided at projects as designated in an approved MP or other approved documents. The design of facilities should provide for public use, while still protecting the resources. A range of design criteria is established to provide flexible standards for the designer to adjust to existing conditions, resources and, where appropriate, local sponsor's standards. Various levels of campground development can be provided to satisfy diverse camper preferences. Camper surveys indicate a preference for water-oriented campsites. Camping areas should be physically separated from day-use areas.

(2) Area Design.

An analysis of slopes, soils, vegetation, climate, and adjacent land use are important first steps in determining the location of camping areas. Team concept and field design are the keys to providing quality campsites. Utilizing available shade, minimizing erosion and drainage problems, and retaining the aesthetic quality can only be accomplished by careful field design.

(a) Slope Analysis: General Guidelines.

Finished slopes are not to exceed 3H:1V or the material's natural angle of repose wherever possible.

• Slopes of 0 to 1 percent: Drainage could be a problem. An effort should be made to check for high water table, unstable soils, and surface rock formations.

• Slopes of 2 to 6 percent: Few limitations, and camping areas should be primarily located on slopes of this nature.

• Slopes of 7 to 14 percent: More expensive construction (cuts and fills) and greater impact on natural resources.

• Slopes of 15+ percent: Should be avoided.

It should be determined what trees and shrubs, if any, can be used in the campground for shade, buffer, screening, or privacy. Unique areas (i.e., remnant hardwood forests, glades, wetlands, etc.) should be located for preservation purposes.

(c) Adjacent Land Use.

Existing land uses that enhance or detract from the camping experience should be identified.

(3) Sizing.

Determination of a campground size is dependent upon the carrying capacity of the resources, the type of camping, camping demand, economics, and the type of management. This information is normally determined in the MP and/or feature design memorandum.

(a) Demand.

The demand for camping at a project depends primarily on the regional population, the character of the population, other available camping in the area, and the amenities offered, both natural and manmade. Anticipated visitation at new projects can be determined by comparing existing projects in similar settings. For updating existing projects, visitation records, visitor surveys, and the experience of onsite personnel can provide valuable information in determining anticipated demand. One camp space for each camping unit anticipated on a normal weekend day during the peak month of visitation should be provided.

(b) Carrying Capacity.

A camping area should be designed to accommodate the anticipated numbers of campers, while minimizing the impacts to the natural resources. The terrain, slopes, climate, soil types, and vegetation will determine the carrying capacity. The social carrying capacity of an area must also be considered. It is important that these elements be evaluated by the multidisciplinary team through the design and construction stages of campground development (refer to WES IR R-80-1).

(c) Primitive Facilities (Walk-In/Boat-In Areas).

Areas of naturally level slopes should be cleared and designated for camping spaces. Fireplaces or fire circles should be provided. A refuse container should be place at any trailheads. Non-waterborne toilet facilities, parking, and potable water may be also be provided at trailheads, based on project needs (refer to table 6-2, Levels of Campsite Development).

(4) Group Camping.

Areas for two kinds of group campers can be provided: campers that travel together in caravans, and groups such as church or youth organizations. Caravan campers can be accommodated in typical campgrounds, especially when camping loops are provided that can be reserved by the group. A group fire circle can be provided. The organized group camp area should be removed from other public use facilities, varying in size and designed to accommodate groups on a non-exclusive, short-term reservation basis.

(a) Campfire/Fire Circle.

A campfire or fire circle should be provided for each small group camp. A small amphitheater may also be provided.

(b) Group Shelter.

A shelter may be provided for each group camp loop. Fireplace or cooking facilities may be provided in the shelter, and two side walls are optional.

(c) Water Supply.

One tap for each small group camp area should be furnished.

c. Picnic Areas.

Picnic areas are provided at projects, as designated in an approved MP or other approved documents. The design of facilities should provide for public use, while still protecting the resources. A range of design criteria is established to provide flexible standards for the designer to adjust to existing conditions, resources and, where appropriate, local sponsor's standards. Various levels of picnic development can be provided to satisfy diverse user preferences.

(1) Site Planning.

Sites where development is being planned should be analyzed to identify significant natural features (e.g., overlooks), and determine how they can be best utilized to enhance the planned facility.

The interdisciplinary team should inventory the site and gather information relating to topography, vegetation, streams, drainage sources, soils, and other natural features that will influence the basic design.

A decision must be made early in the design process related to traffic control and the way in which vehicular traffic will be handled. Also of great importance is land use adjacent to the site. Major transportation routes or highways may require extensive screening or special buffer treatment to eliminate noise. Undesirable development or conflicting activities located near the proposed facility may also require a buffer or screening.

(2) Support Facilities and Special Site Relationships.

The support facilities located in the picnic area should be governed by site-specific requirements. Standards relating to design and placement of facilities vary from state to state, but may be used as a guide if appropriate. A major factor in the number of facilities planned for a development is the carrying capacity of the site. Picnicking frequently occurs in conjunction with other day-use activities (i.e., swimming and hiking). Support facilities such as restrooms and parking areas should be conveniently located for users of multiple activities.

(a) Sanitation.

The type of comfort station in a picnic area should relate to the level of services provided, and be in compliance with state and local code requirements. Vault-type, chemical, or composting toilets may be considered where utilities are not available. Comfort stations should be conveniently and inconspicuously located in the picnic area without distracting from the site. Screening to lessen visual impact may be appropriate.

(b) Shelters.

A shelter may be provided over each table where shade is necessary and tree cover is unavailable. Group shelters should be available for visitors regardless of tree cover. The size of such shelters should be determined by the estimated visitor use. Panels or walls may be necessary on one, or perhaps several, sides of the shelter to protect users from prevailing winds. An integral fireplace/cooking grill and electrical service may be provided.

(c) Parking.

The number of parking spaces required for a picnic area should be based on projected use and resource carrying capacity. Fewer parking spaces are required in areas with frequent turnover rates, compared to sites where visitors remain throughout the day. Parking should be located to minimize road crossings, and be to enable them to be near the facilities they serve. However, care should be taken not to occupy prime development areas. Screens or buffers may help to lessen the impact of the parking area. Surfacing of the parking area is dependent on the level of use. Parking areas should be marked to prevent unstructured parking and less efficient utilization of parking space. Buses and large recreational vehicles may require special design considerations. Overflow parking, usually gravel or turf, should be provided at all anticipated heavy-use areas.

(d) Water Supply.

The quantity and location of drinking fountains or spigots should be determined by visitor use. An ideal location is attached or adjacent to a comfort station, although other locations should be considered not more than 300 feet from the most distant site. Spigots and wells are to be constructed in accordance with public health regulations.

(e) Grills.

Adjustable grills may be provided at all sites.

(f) Tables.

Table and bench combinations may be constructed. If the unit is stationary, a wearing pad of concrete, asphalt, or finely-crushed gravel will eliminate dust and mud around the table. Portable units should be moved periodically to prevent deterioration of the site. For group picnicking areas, tables should be spaced as necessary.

(g) Playgrounds.

Open, level areas should be available for participation in field sports. Play equipment may also be provided.

(3) Interrelationship of Support Facilities to Enhance Revenues.

Special design considerations must be taken into account when fees will be charged for the use of the facilities. These special features generally relate to the convenience of fee collection and the proper separation of the fee activities from the non-fee activities.

(4) Visual Resource Protection.

Care should be taken during design to protect the existing visual resources and also to ensure that the completed facility does not in itself create an unsightly appearance. Borders, screens, and buffers created by the use of plant materials and earth berms should be used to eliminate or lessen the visual impact of objectional views.

(a) Sign Proliferation.

Over use of signs is distracting and confusing to the visitor. Signs should be used only when absolutely necessary, and must be in compliance with EP 310-1-6, chapter 4. A fully-coordinated project sign plan should be developed as part of the design process. A substitute for directional signing could be plant materials or physical structures such as low fences or retaining walls.

(b) Location and Screening of Trash Facilities.

Facilities for trash collection must be conveniently located where they will be used, but should not dominate the area or appear unsightly. Screens created from plant materials or walls assist in keeping these facilities out of view.

(c) Use of Natural Materials to Screen/Enhance Views.

The proper placement of plant materials will screen unsightly views. Plants can also be used to enhance views by creating a frame or border for the desired vista.

d. Swimming Areas.

(1) General.

Swimming beaches will be provided at water resource development project, as authorized in the MP or other approved document. The primary priorities in the design of a beach will be the safety of the user, the effects that the physical features of the site will have on the beach, and future operation and maintenance considerations (e.g., fee collection for special use permit areas). Beaches may be designed in support of multiple use activities or as a single use area. Small beaches may also be designed in conjunction with support facilities such as shelters to disperse visitor use. In addition, where concentrations of swimming exist, beach development should be considered to ensure the safety of the visitor and the protection of the project resource (refer to ER 1130-2-400). The design of Corps-managed beaches will consider the policy that lifeguards are not provided at Corps beaches. The basis for evaluating site selections must consider the following:

(a) Existing or Projected Visitation.

User patterns should be determined from visitation records, area use observations, and user survey data sources. For new beaches, visitation trends at similar areas at the project or other locations should be used to establish sizing requirements for the beach.

(b) Accessibility.

Beaches should only be developed where vehicle entrances are feasible and where such entrances can be controlled or separated from other area uses. Access to a beach in a multiuse area should not interfere with other uses, create safety hazards, or adversely impact the area.

(c) Slope Gradients.

The slope of the land, both above and below the water line, is one of the determining factors in the selection of a good beach site. Slopes in the underwater portion of beaches should ideally range from 2 percent to 5 percent. Because of terrain, however, beaches may be required where slopes approach 10 percent. The most desirable slope is as flat as possible in order to disperse swimmers. Beach bottoms will be designed to eliminate sudden changes in grade or drop-offs in the 0- to 5-foot depth. Pre- and post-impoundment studies are required to ensure acceptability of gradients at all future beaches. Daily, seasonal, and yearly water level fluctuations due to irrigation, flood control, evaporation, power generation, or other factors must be considered in beach design to assure optimum utilization. On any beaches developed in the future, a detailed inspection of the underwater portion of the beach will be accomplished just prior to opening the beach to the public. The inspection should include necessary detail to reveal sinkholes, depressions, or dangerous drift material. Corrective actions should be place in project files. Safety will be the prime consideration in beach development.

(d) Soil Composition and Stability.

Sites should be selected that offer a proper base for a sand beach. Beaches should not be located in areas where extensive siltation occurs or is expected to occur.

(e) Water Characteristics.

Water quality at all beach locations must be acceptable for swimming. Prior to detail design, water quality sampling data must be collected, analyzed, and coordinated with appropriate state agencies.

Beaches will be located where adequate water circulation is present to assure continued acceptable water quality. Barriers and covers generally offer the best protection against wind and wave action, but "dead water" covers should be avoided. Adequate circulation is also necessary to remove surface debris that may deposit on the beach.

(f) Health Considerations.

Swimming beaches will be planned to provide protection from boats, fuel spillage, sewage and industrial outfalls, and boat wakes. The beach should be sited to ensure maximum southern exposure where possible. However, in non-Corps areas where lifeguards are provided, western exposures should be avoided if possible so as to reduce afternoon glare to the lifeguards. Insofar as possible, beaches should be located upstream from boat ramps, marinas, etc., in order to minimize or avoid the effects of fuel spills. Beaches should not be planned where concentrations of waterfowl exist.

(g) Surface Drainage.

During the planning and design of a swimming beach, special emphasis must be given to surface drainage.

Surface runoff must not be allowed to drain across the beach area. Therefore, the runoff from any area upland of the beach must be diverted. Methods of diversion might include grassed swales, terracing, inlets, landscaped walls, etc. Methods of diversion should compliment the beach development and minimize impact to the site. If possible, the outfall of diversion should be located downstream of the swimming beach.

Runoff from the parking areas will be controlled and diverted to an outfall away from the beach area. If outfall is necessary toward the lake, it should be located downstream of the swimming beach.

Runoff from commercial agricultural activities in the watershed, such as ranching or farming, should be considered when locating beaches.

(2) Design Criteria.

Figure 6-1 demonstrates a typical schematic layout of a swimming beach area.

(a) Buffer Zones.

Beaches including turf sunbathing areas should be separated from parking areas with an adequate grass buffer when possible. Trees should be left in the turf areas adjacent to sand beaches, when practicable. If surface runoff is anticipated to be heavy, diversion contouring or ditches should be designed to carry runoff water away from the beach turf area and the swimming area. Placement of picnicking facilities in the buffer area should only be done if absolutely necessary. If such facilities are designed into the beach area, they should be located so as not to interfere with the primary purpose of the beach.

(b) Design Carrying Capacities.

Beach sizing should be based on the assumption that approximately 60 percent of the total numbers of bathers will be on the beach at one time, with 30 percent in the water and 10 percent elsewhere. As a rule-of-thumb, a turnover factor of 3 will be used for design purposes. Ideally, 50 square feet of sand and turf, and 30 square feet of swimming area inside abuoyed safety zone, should be provided for each person. Beach capacities will vary according to the attendance, supervision, size of beach, anticipated usage, and type of beach experience desired. Any space standard used to compute beach capacity should be flexible enough to accommodate these factors on a local level.

(c) Vertical Limits.

The upper limits of graded areas should be based on an analysis of daily, seasonal, or yearly water level fluctuations. The lower limits should be 6 vertical feet below the normal summer pool elevation. Any deviations in the minimum limit should be fully justified. The beach and adjacent underwater areas should be graded on a constant slope. Underwater slopes should extend at least 10 horizontal feet beyond the lowest placement of buoy lines.

(d) Beach Site Preparation.

1. Beach Construction Prior to Water Impoundment.

The area will be cleared of all trees, shrubs, and manmade objects. The area will be stripped to a minimum depth of 6 inches. This soil may be stockpiled for later use if suitable. All depressions and holes will be filled with suitable material and compacted. Grading operations will be performed to establish the specific gradients. All fills will be constructed in lifts not to exceed 12 inches, and will be compacted to a specified density. Sand, as specified in paragraph (e), below, will be placed on a prepared stone base to a uniform thickness to reduce turbidity. A layer of non-woven filter fabric may be placed on the base prior to sand placement.

2. Beach Construction With Water Impounded.

A detailed survey and inspection of the area is required, as previously stipulated. Grading requirements will be established based on this survey. All trees and stumps within the beach area will be removed. Holes and depressions will be filled with granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Special efforts will be taken to ensure that all holes are properly filled. The beach area will be constructed in accordance with the above. The swimming area will be graded to the design gradient. Any fills required to bring the surface to proper grade will be constructed with granular (cohesionless) material. Sand will be placed within the designated area. Six inches of sand in excess of the design thickness should be specified to control final grades.

(e) Sand.

A minimum depth of 2 feet of sand should be applied on all above-water beach areas. Coarse sand should be used, if available, to resist wave action.

(f) Diving Platforms and Swim Floats at Non-Corps Areas.

Diving area rafts, floats, platforms, or similar facilities are not permitted in Corps-managed areas, but may be provided at non-Corps areas under lease or license agreement. These types of facilities should be discouraged. If permitted, rafts, floats, or diving boards up to 3 meters high, will be located only where a minimum of a 12-foot depth of water can be maintained. A minimum of 15-foot water depth must be available for boards higher than 3 meters. All facilities described in this paragraph must be anchored in a safe manner so they will not move from their designed location. Anchors should be designed to permit detachment so the facility can be removed from the water for maintenance or repairs. It is assumed that 20 percent of the swimmers will use a diving facility, and a minimum of 50 square feet of surface water should be provided for each diver. Rafts used to support diving boards or swim floats should be stable, properly anchored, and large enough to prevent movement during maximum use.

(g) Facilities for Persons with Disabilities.

Where practical, a paved walkway at least 4 feet wide, with metal handrail, should be integrated into the beach area to aid persons with disabilities in gaining access to the swimming area. The swimming area for persons with disabilities should be marked off at the end of the walkway, and handrails may be considered for the area.

(h) Buoys and Markers.

The limits of the swimming area will be marked off by buoy lines or foam-filled floating pipelines. The polyvinyl chloride pipe buoy is preferred in beach areas that will experience heavy traffic. Larger beaches may be sectionalized so that one or two sections can be used on slack days, and additional sections utilized as needed during heavy-use hours or days. International orange-colored floats will be provided every 15 feet on buoy lines, or at all angles when polyvinyl chloride pipe is used. No lines will be anchored to trees, rocks, or walls.

Off-limits areas around hazardous areas (e.g., shallow water) should be marked by buoy lines or floating pipelines.

Ideally, buoy lines used to mark the limit of the swimming area should be placed in water not more than 5 feet deep. However, at lakes where water level fluctuations occur, this would locate the buoy line in shallow water that would critically limit the usefulness of the swimming area. In such cases, buoy lines should be placed in relation to the mean water level. In lakes where significant water level fluctuations occur, buoy lines must be designed so they can be adjusted as necessary.

A minimum of two warning-marked buoys or floating signs indicating the "boats keep out" symbol (diamond shape international orange) should be spaced at a maximum of 200-foot intervals, and should be located to provide adequate warnings to vessels approaching the swimming area from various locations. The buoys should be between 100 and 300 feet from the swimming area buoy lines.

(i) Additional Safety Measures.

Life-saving devices consisting of life jugs, a ring buoy an line, and one 10- to 12-foot pole (shepherd's hook) every 200 feet may be located in beaches where lifeguards are not provided. Life jugs may also be provided. Depth gauge poles should be placed at regular intervals along buoy lines. First aid stations may be provided, where conditions permit.

In areas designed for non-Corps sponsors, lifeguard facilities may be provided. Where lifeguards are to be provided by the non-Corps sponsor, a lifeguard stand or platform at least 6 feet high should be provided for every 200 feet of beach, or fraction thereof. It should be equipped with an umbrella and a storage compartment for a first aid kit and other supplies.

Bulletin boards or signs, prominently placed where swimmers can readily see them before entering the area, will be provided to post emergency phone numbers, safety messages, and other information.

(3) Support Facilities.

(a) Bath Change Shelters.

A minimum of one bath change shelter should be provided for each swimming area with an expected peak attendance of 600 swimmers on a normal weekend day. These change houses should be between 200 and 500 feet from the water's edge. Whenever possible, dressing rooms should be of a readily cleanable material, and floors should have a non-slip surface, impervious to moisture and sloped to drain. Open air or outdoor showers should be used where practical to reduce cost. If an open-air facility is the only facility provided, a 3- to 4-foot roof shelter may be considered for protection from the rain. All bathhouses or shelters should be designed for pressure hose cleaning.

(b) Water Supply and Sanitary Facilities.

All beaches with an expected visitation of 400 or more per day should have waterborne toilets.

(c) Parking Areas.

Parking areas should be provided within 800 feet of the beach, with 500 feet being desirable. The size of the parking area should be determined from the beach capacity. As a rule-of-thumb, one parking space should be provided per every three people. Deviations based on site-specific conditions may be justified. Additional parking may be required where multiple use activities are provided and/or spectators are anticipated. Parking configuration should minimize pedestrian conflict with vehicular areas and circulation.

Parking areas should preferably be paved and have parking stripes. Curbing, bumper blocks, guardrails, or posts should be provided where necessary.

e. Sports and Play Areas.

(1) General.

Active play areas for all age groups, with consideration for persons with disabilities, are provided in conjunction with recreation facilities such as camping areas, picnic areas, and beaches. This provision can best be accomplished by designating the necessary space for users to participate or spectate in an area that will minimize impacts on theenvironment. Where feasible, these play areas should be located in conjunction with other supporting facilities (i.e., parking, restrooms, and water). Additional support items to consider are benches, trash receptacles, water fountains, trails, fencing, etc.

(2) Control.

Play areas should be designed to prevent the need to cross vehicular roads to access campsites, bathrooms, water fountains, or other points of attraction for young children. If road crossings cannot be avoided, play areas should be located so that necessary crossings occur where there is adequate stopping distance along the roadway. Crossings should be adequately signed and marked. Speed control devices such as rumble strips or speed bumps should be used wherever necessary. Provisions should be made to promote ease of foot traffic to cross the road without having to jump ditches or confront other obstacles.

(3) Sports and Play Fields.

Where demand or project visitation and terrain permits, a minimum of 2 to 4 acres of open field should be provided for field sports such as touch football, soccer, and track and field activities. This can include activities requiring hard-surfaced areas, such as all-purpose courts. Refer to Technical Manual 5-803-10 for additional types of activities, layout, and construction details.

(4) Children's Play Areas.

Children's play areas should be included as an integral part of a public use area. The specific layout and shape of each play area will be governed by the existing conditions and the facilities to be provided. In campgrounds, play areas for small children ages 3 to 5 (tot lots) should be small and dispersed throughout the area so they are close to a group of campsites. Play areas for children over 5 can be more centralized, and are generally larger. The selection of safe playground equipment should be the major design consideration. Equipment with sharp angles should be avoided. There are commercial sources of well-built durable play facilities available, and these should be used if they are cost effective. The play areas should be bordered with materials such as wood, timbers, or concrete curbing, in order to help contain the surface material and to clearly define the play area limits. Care should be taken in selecting the border materials, with consideration given to safety, aesthetics, economy, vandalism, and maintenance requirements. The impact area should be designed and constructed to provide for adequate drainage. A cushion material, either natural or man-made, should be provided as the surface for the play area. Metal play equipment such as slides or climbing bars should be oriented or located to minimize heating by the sun. Play equipment should not be located too close to the water. To minimize disturbance to other campers, the play areas should be located reasonably close but not in the middle of a campground. Though standard play equipment (i.e., swings, slides, and merry-go-rounds) can be provided, the designer is encouraged to be creative in design, selection, and placement of play equipment such as climbers, playwalls, contoured earth mounds or sand areas. Equipment used in play areas should utilize natural materials and features indigenous to the area. When possible, benches or seats should be provided in shaded areas and within close proximity to play areas where children canrest and adults can watch their children. In any case, the design should compliment its natural setting, with consideration given to the use of existing vegetation and tree cover.

f. Fishing Areas.

(1) General.

Fishing facilities are provided to enhance shoreline fishing opportunities created by the water resource project and to assure safe fishing access. Whether these facilities are located in the vicinity of the dam or tailrace, they should be sited in such a manner that their use will not interfere with the operation of the project or threaten the safety of the users. Detailed guidance on design can be found in the State of New Mexico's Accessible Fishing.

(2) Siting.

(a) Restricted Use Zone.

Most projects will have established a zone immediately above or below the dam where public access is restricted. Such are as will be clearly marked and adequate barriers provided. Such barriers may be a combination of physical (railing, fence, cable) and regulatory (signs, buoys) deterrents. Fishing facilities should be sited a minimum distance of 200 feet from the edge of restricted use zones.

(b) Corollary Public Use.

Fishing facilities may be provided in conjunction with other public use accommodations such as picnic areas and campgrounds. However, care should be taken to avoid interference with non-compatible facilities such as near swimming beaches or boat ramps.

(3) Facilities.

(a) Access.

When other convenient means of access are not available, stairways should be provided to permit the safe access of fishermen to tailrace or discharge areas. These may take the form of steps, ramps, or grouted riprap. Concrete should have rough-broom finish. Handrails should be provided in conjunction with stairways or ramps.

(b) Platforms.

Fixed platforms may be provided along discharge channels. Such platforms and access ramps should accommodate wheel chair users. Railing should be provided around the perimeter of the platform and access ramp. The platform may be multilevel in areas with large fluctuations. Benches may be provided on the platform. In areas with no current, floating fishing platforms may be provided.

(c) Fences or Railings.

Fences or railings should be provided, as required for safety, along steep banks and to deter access along restricted use zones.

(d) Fish Cleaning Stations.

Fish cleaning stations, either open or screened, may be provided with water spigots, scaling and cleaning benches, carcass grinders, and drains, as required, in areas of concentrated fishing use. A drop pipe into a double-baffled septic tank, with provision for pumpout, should be provided.

(e) Access Roads and Parking.

Parking spaces for the vehicles anticipated on a typical weekend day during the peak month of use should be provided. Access roads will be two-way.

(f) Water Supply, Refuse Collection, Electrical Service, and Sanitary Facilities.

These types of facilities should be provided in fishing areas where sufficient visitation exists.

g. Hunting Areas.

(1) General.

Hunting area facilities may be provided at those water resource projects with a sufficient land base, and where considerable hunter demand can be expected. In contrast with other public use facilities, the overriding concern should be to disperse the use patterns over a large area and to minimize user densities. This may also negate the need to provide sanitary waste facilities and/or refuse collection.

(2) Siting.

Areas clearly separated from high-density public use or concentrated private development should be established. Existing road systems that terminate at the project boundary should be utilized wherever practical. Site facilities at the edge of areas intended for low density, natural areas, or wildlife management area designation.

(3) Facilities.

A road and parking area to each access point should be provided. Parking areas should be delineated with a fence or other restrictive barrier to prevent vehicle access beyond the access point if natural features do not accomplish this. Walk-through gaps should be provided. Signs or bulletin boards should be posted at each access point that describe the limits and use restrictions of the area. Signs should be posted to clearly indicate the boundary of the hunting area to advise hunters when they are entering adjoining private property or high-density public use areas. The distance between access points is dependent on several factors, including hunter demand, terrain, existing roads, available land area, and predominant game species. Normally, the distance between hunter access points should be least 1 mile. Portable toilets might be considered in areas where hunting activities occur for only short periods (1 or 2 weeks).

h. Natural Areas.

Natural area facilities (i.e., boardwalks, observation platforms, and blinds) may be provided at water resource projects for viewing unique natural features such as glades, geologic formations, native grass, timber stands, or wildlife. Roads, parking areas, and interpretive displays or bulletin boards identifying the features of interest should be provided. Interpretive trails may also be provided. Sanitary facilities and refuse collection may be provided where sufficient visitation exists.

i. Information Areas.

(1) General.

Information areas provide facilities to promote an understanding of water resource problems, needs, opportunities, and objectives. Facilities must communicate and interpret effectively. Interpretive and informational devices must be functional; economical to install, maintain, and replace; and aesthetically pleasing and harmonious with the surrounding resources. Information are facilities include campfire circles, amphitheaters, signs, overlooks, and visitor centers. Visitor centers are addressed in ER 1130-2-401, while interpretive services are addressed in ER 1130-2-428.

(2) Campfire Circles.

Campfire circles are appropriate for small informal presentations without audio-visual support. Campfire circles may be appropriate for daytime activities in group camps and environmental study areas. One or more campfire circles may be located in an area served by a larger amphitheater for informal presentations and user-initiated activities (i.e., campfire songs, prayer services, marshmallow roasts, etc.). Campfire circles may be provided in campgrounds, group camps (both day and overnight), and environmental study areas.

(3) Signs.

The location, design, and construction of administrative signs will be in accordance with EP 310-1-6, chapter 4. The number of signs will be kept to the absolute minimum necessary to meet information needs.

(a) Interpretive Signs.

Signs and related devices may be used to interpret built, natural, and cultural resources of the water resource project. They may also be provided to interpret major water resource project features, resources, events, or practices.

(b) Interpretive Markers.

Interpretive markers and plaques may be used to identify or commemorate a particular site, feature, or event instead of presenting an interpretive story. Markers and plaques may be provided to identify or commemorate a significant site, feature, person, or event when detailed interpretation is not required.

(4) Overlooks.

Overlooks may be developed to provide a view of the water resource project features. They may also be provided where features of outstanding scenic value or unique interest to the visitor exist. Vistas may be created by selective clearing and pruning of vegetation to enhance desirable views.

The design of an overlook should be in harmony with the surrounding area and relate to the feature being viewed. Signs, plaques, or other interpretive devices may be incorporated into the design. Parking and sanitary facilities may be provided when required for health or safety reasons. Selective clearing should retain foreground vegetation to add depth of field. A balance in the selection of tree species that will remain should occur. The appearance of clearcutting should be avoided. The addition of landscape plantings may also be used to enhance the view.

6.10. WILDLIFE HABITAT DEVELOPMENTS.

a. Tree and Shrub Plantings.

Tree and shrub plantings will be established to provide nesting, hiding, roosting, and thermal cover, as well as food, for birds and mammals. Plantings will be established in areas that lack this type of cover or have insufficient quantity or quality of this type of cover, and in areas that have sufficient moisture available from the lake, creeks, or irrigation to support tree and shrub plantings.

b. Wildlife Food Plots.

Food plots provide a supplemental food source for young upland game birds, as well as nongame birds and mammals. Food developments will be placed in areas that are suitable for cultivation, are accessible to farming equipment, and have sufficient moisture available, either from natural sources or irrigation. Food developments will be adapted to the MCP environment.

c. Nest Boxes.

Nest boxes provide nest sites for cavity-nesting birds where suitable nest sites are lacking. Bird species expected to benefit from nest boxes include bluebirds, woodpeckers, wrens, swallows, owls, and kestrels.

Nest boxes will be constructed of rough-cut lumber. Boxes will be constructed following specifications for each target bird species. They will be mounted in trees or on poles where trees are lacking, and where they will receive minimum disturbance from recreationalists.

d. Gallinaceous Guzzlers.

Gallinaceous guzzlers (self-filling subterranean cisterns) provide a dependable source of water to improve habitat conditions by allowing animals to exist throughout the project, especially if water is the limiting habitat feature. Wildlife species benefited by guzzler require water daily (or less frequently), but cannot obtain it from their food or other sources (i.e., dew or infrequent precipitation). California quail, ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, cottontail, songbirds, small mammals, and occasionally larger mammals, can benefit from cistern installation.

For design, maintenance, and general information, refer to the publication, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual, Technical Report EL-86-8, section 5.4.1, "Gallinaceous Guzzler," written by Ted Johnson and Ruth Jacobs in 1986.

e. Brush Piles.

Adequate nesting and escape cover is critical to the proper management of ground-nesting birds, rabbits, birds, and othersmall game. Although living brush is preferable in most cases, artificial brush piles can be constructed to provide shelter where natural brush cover is limited, especially in agricultural areas. Benefits include concealment and protection from predators and the elements, and the establishment of a medium for seed germination and plant growth.

For design, maintenance, and general information, refer to the publication U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual, Technical Report, EL-86-13, section 5.3.1, "Brush Piles," written by Chester Martin and John Steele in 1986.

Emphasis should be placed on the planting of natural vegetation in association with the brush piles to create a more natural brush pile. Without the establishment of natural brush, the artificial brush piles need to be refurbished annually.

6.11. Fish Habitat Development

(NOTE: Any habitat improvement or enhancement plans and activities should be coordinated, at least at the field level, with WDW for recommendations and priorities.)

a. Instream Flow and Conservation Pool Management.

Management of the water resource is the most important enhancement project for anadromous and resident fish. The success of the following physical improvements would be annually dependent on the Corps ability to provide and maintain Virgil B. Bennington Lake at conservation pool elevation (1205 feet), and instream flow through Mill Creek Channel and Yellowhawk/Garrison Creeks at a minimum depth of 1.5 vertical feet all year long (or as close as possible). Opposing rock deflectors are designed within Mill Creek Channel to increase the velocity during low flows to aid in maintaining the pool and riffle areas. The opposing deflectors should be of equal size and dimensions (e.g., a mirror image of the opposite bank) to direct the flow in a straight fashion downchannel. Material should be riprap rock of the same dimensional sizes as the bank armoring.

b. Woody Riparian Vegetation Plantings.

Native species of woody riparian tree and shrub plantings will be established along exposed shorelines of Virgil B. Bennington Lake and Mill Creek Channel for shading, creating cooler temperatures at the water's edge. They will also be established in clumps within Mill Creek Channel in randomly placed open substrate to provide hiding cover and thermal regulation refuge areas for salmonid fish.

c. Habitat Diversity.

Impounded bodies of water tend to stagnate through time with respect to limnological and biological productivity, especially if the impoundment has little water exchange and is constructed over low-diversity topology. When the lake is deeper than the light penetration establishing its photic zone, dying and decaying matter settles to the bottom and can form an anoxic layer of silted sediments in slowly circulating areas. To the best of the Corps' knowledge, this is the condition at Virgil B. Bennington Lake in most months other than during the high flow diversion season in early spring. Increasing habitat diversity leads to increasing species diversity, representing many different trophic levels and the efficiency of nutrient exchange. Enhancement of habitat diversity is typically implemented by using one of two scenarios that are dependent on funding and manpower.

(1) Scenario 1--Draining the Lake.

The first scenario involves totally draining the lake. Total draining of the lake during a dry water year has been successfully performed in similar climatic regions in the southwestern U.S. This scenario allows any structural mending of the dam and outlet regulating system, as well as the opportunity to operate mechanical equipment for the removal of anoxic and anaerobic silt accumulations, while still increasing the depth of the lake at areas deemed desirable for bottom dwelling or low temperature adapted fish species. When the lake is drained and dry, mobility is enhanced (with the use of heavy equipment) for the placement of boulder piles, stacked ceramic pipes, tree bundles and root wads of hardwood species (fruit trees work well and should be attainable at little cost), and other desirable structures for fish cover can be placed without having to work from the limitations of a boat. This draining scenario is harsh on any already productive habitat because of the exposure and desiccation time required to pump the lake entirely dry and accomplish the physical work. The current productivity condition of Virgil B. Bennington Lake is not great, and would be amenable to this type of manipulation. Because of the condition of the lake, this scenario would probably result in the greatest overall benefit to fisheries.

(2) Scenario 2--Apply Individual Structures From a Boat.

More long-term (with lower annual) funding amounts and implementation plan scheduling typically results in a scenario where individual structures are applied from a boat. This approach eliminates any desire to remove silt or deepen areas of the pool, and highly limits the mobility of the laborers, thereby increasing both time and costs. In most cases, given enough time, an adequate amount of structures can be applied to benefit the fishery.

Scenarios 1 and 2 can be combined in various funding and scheduling arrays by the partial lowering of the water surface elevation to a level that would allow structure application. Labor for implementation is best achieved through volunteer group activity (i.e., local fishing and service organizations, Boy Scout troops, etc.). Most materials can even be donated with proper coordination. All of the above recommendations would benefit the trout and non-salmonid fisheries in Virgil B. Bennington Lake if structures are implemented below elevation 1184. Any supplemental weed mat substrate would be installed up to conservation pool elevation 1205, depending on topography and aspect. The highest number of recommendations implemented would result in the greatest benefits. The rate of success in increased invertebrate and fish productivity is dependent on the implementation plan scheduling.

The construction of an island would increase habitat diversity by the creation of shallow water vegetative and feeding cover for rearing trout and bass along the increased edge of the descending cove. Cobble and gravel deposited along the windward edge would act as armoring to retard turbidity, as well as increase substrate diversity. The island base would be constructed of the material excavated elsewhere within the lake, at the typical 1-in-10 slope, leaving two small "lagoons" on the leeward edge. Breaching the fishing peninsula at the dam would create an island with increase edge, and improve water circulation on the leeward eastern side, where stagnation is currently present.

d. Spawning Gravel Supplementation.

Angling observations indicate that individual rainbow trout from the previous years stocked population can overwinter and survive in Virgil B. Bennington Lake in years when some degree of conservation pool is maintained. No indication of spawning has been observed or recorded, most likely due to the lack of spawning habitat with preferred gravel sizes. Spawning requires an adequate amount of preferred substrate in conjunction with aerated flows and desirable temperatures for the physiological processes. The following criteria would suggest that the intake channel arm of Virgil B. Bennington Lake would be the most appropriate location for spawning gravel supplementation. Trout require an average of 1.5 feet of water depth, with flows of 2.25 cfs for spawning and 1.5 cfs for incubation. Suitable substrate would consist of a spawning bed layer with 80 percent of .5-to-1.5-inch-diameter gravels and 20 percent of up to 3-inch-diameter gravels, all overtopping a 2-foot-deep underbed of 3+-inch-diameter gravel that would allow trout to bury their eggs from 3 to 12 inches,deep, and would allow for hyporheic flow, which supplies the buried eggs with sufficient oxygen. Measurements are still needed to determine the capacity of the intake channel arm for redd (nest) building. Each spawning pair of rainbow trout require about 2 square yards of area, including adequate space for adult tail fanning to aerate the eggs with oxygen and for defense of the redd (around an average 0.3 square yards per redd).

The stocked trout population has also been hatchery derived since its inception, hence possibly limited in the genetic instinct to nest and spawn. If this proves to be the case, consideration will be given to replacing the stock with a hatchery stock that is derived more from naturally-supplemented parents.

e. Forage Food Establishment and Development.

As is typical of most impounded water bodies, Virgil B. Bennington Lake's organic input available for fish forage is mostly from allochthonous (outside of the system) sources as adult insects dropping into the water, or chironomid larvae and oligochaetes, which are characteristic of more stagnated aquatic ecosystems. This lower diversity in forage organisms is partially a result of the low diversity of their habitat, and acts to limit the potential year-round production and sustainability of opportunistic foraging fish (e.g., rainbow trout). The recommended approach to enhancing the production of the lake's fisheries would be a bottoms-up trophic level approach that provides sustainability to the lesser organisms that support the next higher trophic level, until ultimately the tertiary trophic level composed of the targeted fish is supported. The first step would be moderating the water quality in terms of the interactions between water surface elevations and flow-through, water temperature, excess turbidity, and dissolved oxygen levels. The second step would bethe establishment of underwater mosaic plots of native rooted aquatic vegetation, coconut shell-based vegetative weed mat base, and cobble substrate within the photic zone layer of the lake for the establishment of native invertebrates (i.e., snails, various forms of macrofly larvae, amphibian and fish eggs, and juvenile stages). The extent of the physical amount of the littoral zone that can be enhanced in this fashion is dependent on the degree to which the conservation pool (elevation 1205) can be maintained both temporally and spatially, and the current condition of the littoral zone in terms of aerial extent and siltation. The third step would include the supplementation of native macroinvertebrates (i.e., crayfish and forage fish), if surveys determine this step is warranted.

Forage organism enhancement in Mill Creek Channel may not be warranted because the diversity of invertebrates should be larger due to the greater flowing nature of the surface water over primarily cobble/gravel substrate. The decreased width of the channel (compared to the lake) allows a much greater response in allochthonous organic input to maintain organism diversity and abundance, as well as trophic dynamics on a seasonal time series. The two primary limiting factors to benthic invertebrate production in Mill Creek Channel are: 1) the ability to provide seasonally equivalent flow volumes through the summer and early fall due to irrigation withdrawal demand; and 2) the lack of channel shading from woody riparian vegetation. Vegetative overhang would not only provide shading for temperature moderation, but would also contribute to overall species diversity by allowing the succession of adapted diatoms that invertebrates forage upon, and nutrient exchange through increased allochthonous organic input, which would encourage the recruitment of shredding insect larvae. The ability to provide seasonally equivalent flow volumes through the summer and early fall would lead to competition for water with the objective to maintain the conservation pool in Virgil B. Bennington Lake at elevation 1205 for the recreation season. The flows in Mill Creek Channel through the summer and fall would receive priority over the conservation pool objective, based on the more critical need for safe and efficient passage of anadromous fish to their natal subbasin.

f. Pool Deepening Below Concrete Cascading Weirs.

Excavation of the downstream substrate below every second to third concrete cascading weirs within Mill Creek Channel to a minimum of 4 feet of vertical depth at the referenced 1991 to 1992 summer flows would increase the habitat diversity, feeding area, and efficient upstream passage for anadromous steelhead. Depth will be dependent on flow, so the 1991 to 1992 summer flows will serve as the reference elevation. Instream activity of mechanical excavation machinery would be restricted to the operation of a wide-tracked excavator or rubber-tired backhoe (in good condition with no fluid leaks), depending on the consolidation of the cobble. The instream work would be done outside of the steelhead passage season during the late fall or early winter when the channel can be drained. Cobbles will be retained for capping the substrate surface of the pools.

g. Boulder Cluster Placement.

The current amount and arrangement of rock boulder placement in Mill Creek Channel is inadequate for microsite creation of fish refugiums. Additional groups of boulders of random diameters greater than 2 feet would act more as a functional microsite for fish refuge and avian predator perching. These boulders should be distributed downstream randomly in various crescent-shaped and oblong patterns during the same temporal work window started for pool deepening. In Virgil B. Bennington Lake, boulder cluster placement should be distributed in piles at least 4 feet tall, with an 8-to-10-foot base, and loosely compacted to allow interstitial spaces large enough for a 6-by-4-inch fish. Boulder clusters are typically supplemented with hardwood (fruit trees) root wads that provide cover and nutrient release, and ceramic (sewer) pipe clusters constructed of six 3-to-4-foot-long pipes banded together in a triangular stack. Inside diameters of the pipes should be 6 to 8 inches, and opposite openings of the pipes will be randomly cemented closed.

h. Log Cover Structures.

Double and triple width log "rafts" should be anchored into the riprap armoring of the shoreline of Mill Creek Channel. These structures would be allowed to adjust themselves with the flow in order to perform at their maximum benefit as shading and hiding cover for rearing trout.

7.01. General

This section addresses physical, biological, social, and institutional constraints that could impede the accomplishment of the RO's specified in section 3 and section 5. It also recommends potential solutions to these problems.

7.02. Perception of the MCP

The MCP is small in acreage compared to other Corps projects. Because of its size, it has taken a back seat to other projects. In addition, the project was created 50 years ago and, at the time of its conception, had no provisions for recreation, wildlife, or other facilities. However, it must be recognized that MCP is vital to the Walla Walla community, comprising 1/3 of the public lands in the Walla Walla Valley. It also contains the only public access to Mill Creek and Virgil B. Bennington Lake. The project has still not reached its potential in terms of development and visitor use. The Corps has a chance to improve the views of the project, as well as help MCP better serve the needs of the local population.

7.03. Site Improvements--Coordination

Many additions and alterations to MCP recreation area facilities have been completed in the years since the project's initial construction. some of these facilities improvements have been initiated and implemented by field personnel as part of the operations and maintenance program.

It is suggested that resource managers continue to call upon an interdisciplinary team of landscape architects, biologists, architects, recreation specialists, civil engineers, and other design professionals available within the Walla Walla District to make an onsite review of conditions, discuss alternatives, review plans, and make recommendations that relate to improvements in operations and maintenance. A brief and constructive review procedure should be implemented.

7.04. Development of New Recreation Areas

Recreation development is usually done at no cost to the federal Government, or as part of a 50/50-percent cost-sharing arrangement between the Federal Government and a qualified non-Federal sponsor, as directed by policy at the time of the agreement. For the present and foreseeable future, it is unlikely that there will be any new area recreation development at 100-percent Federal cost. Walla Walla County, at this time, does not have a park board.

7.05. Adjacent Land Uses

The city of Walla Walla has zoning and building codes. The only past encroachments by private landowners are from agricultural practices. All project lands where this could occur should be monitored. There are project boundaries that are not identified and fenced to prevent such encroachment. It is important that project boundaries are clearly identified. Additionally, fencing would limit conflicting uses and identify encroachments. The Walla Walla District Planning Division will encourage Walla Walla County to control private development adjacent to MCP lands to avoid water and visual pollution due to poor siting or design on public areas, or use of project roads and parking areas for access to private property.

7.06. Leases, Outgrants, and Lands to be Acquired

A number of leases, outgrants, and easements have been granted to public utilities or individuals for a variety of uses, including access roads and power transmission and utility lines. Current and future uses of project lands must remain compatible with existing leases, easements, and outgrants. Prior to approval, future leases, easements, and outgrants must be carefully considered to ensure their compatibility with the RO's and land-use classifications presented in this MP. Any additional lands acquired for recreation or fish and wildlife purposes currently need to be cost-shared with a qualified non-Federal sponsor.

7.07. Project Funding and Manpower

This MP has identified project management unit RO's. As discussed in previous sections, the implementation of some of these objectives is dependent on the financial support of local sponsoring agencies. Execution of the other objectives depends upon future Corps funding and manpower capabilities. Project personnel and other Walla Walla District elements should immediately organize the resource management programs, leading to an orderly implementation of the objectives of the project.

7.08. Potentially Conflicting Uses

A number of uses or activities occur on the project that constrain the future implementation of objectives. In most cases, these existing uses are incompatible with proposed future uses, and must be controlled or eliminated.

a. Off-Road Vehicles.

There is no authorized off-road vehicle use at MCP. Project staff has Title 36 citation authority to enforce this restriction. No project area is identified in this MP as an off-road vehicle area.

b. Vandalism.

Vandalism of both natural features and developed facilities, especially restrooms and picnic tables, has occurred. Project signs are a favorite target for shooters. This problem may create visual blight, as well as visitor health and safety concerns, not to mention very high maintenance costs. Facility design should be as vandal-resistant as possible. Regulations should be as vandal-resistant as possible. Regulations should be strictly enforced by project personnel with Title 36 citation authority.

7.09. Wildlife Disturbance

Heavy use of the project by the public can disturb wildlife, causing some species to leave the area, and even causing mortality if the disturbance occurs during a stressful period for some species. Off-road vehicles disturb wildlife and destroy habitat when not confined to authorized project access roads. People trying to view or approach nesting birds can also be stressful to the birds.

7.10. Water Quality

The occurrence of free-floating parasites that cause swimmers itch, and occasionally high levels of fecal coliform bacteria in Virgil B. Bennington Lake, limit the prospects of opening a formal swim beach. Measures to improve water quality at the lake need to be developed.

7.11. Vegetation--Soils

Some disturbed cuts made 30 years ago are still not revegetated. Because of these factors, vegetation and soil need to be protected, and disturbance should be avoided as much as possible.

7.12. Flows for Fish

The physical ability of the system to provide adequate water to simultaneously maintain the surface water elevation in Virgil B. Bennington Lake at the recommended conservation pool (elevation 1205) and provide water depths of 2 feet in Mill Creek channel for anadromous fish passage is not expected to be realized in all water years. The success of riparian planting, habitat restoration, and derived fish production is dependent on the ability to provide for adequate flow volumes and water surface elevations in at least average water years.

8.01. General

This section summarizes the recommendations made in this MP. These recommendations are listed first by an overview of the project lands by classifications and resources. This overview is then followed by specific recommendations.

8.02. Recommendations--Overview

a. General.

The MCP is authorized by public law for flood control and recreation. The project has provided flood control protection since its completion 50 years ago. Recreational opportunities have grown since the early 1950's, when the lake was filled and stocked with trout by WDW. Since then, many facilities have been added. Rooks Park, Bennington Lake Recreation Area, and the Mill Creek Recreation Trail have all been completed since the project's inception. Visitation has grown to over 250,000 people per year. The MCP also helps meet the growing local and regional need for fish and wildlife habitat, and aesthetic resources; and serves as protection for environmentally sensitive areas. Public lands in the Walla Walla Valley are limited, and MCP contains 1/3 of the available public lands. The Corps will use its full capabilities and professional expertise to preserve and enhance project resources, as well as to make those resources available to the public in an ecologically-sound manner.

b. Project Operations.

(1) Fee Lands.

The MCP has protected the Walla Walla Valley from flood damage since it was constructed in 1942. The water control facilities also serve the public as a recreational facility by providing a recreation lake and public access to Mill Creek. The channel and lake are also important to aquatic resources, especially sports fisheries and anadromous fisheries. The Corps will continue to protect the city of Walla Walla and its environs from flooding. Approximately 107 acres, or 1/5 of all fee lands, at the project are managed for project operations.

(2) Easement Lands.

The MCP contains 87.3 acres in easement lands. These lands are necessary for both flood control and project operations. The Corps will continue to retain the easement on these lands.

c. Recreation.

The MCP is a popular recreation area, and is in close proximity to the city of Walla Walla. It offers unique recreation opportunities to the public. Rooks Park, the Mill Creek Recreation Trail, South Mill Creek trail, and Yellowhawk Park are the only public lands adjacent to Mill Creek. Bennington Recreation Area is the only area within 28 miles of Walla Walla that offers lake access. The existing recreation facilities at MCP help to meet the recreation needs of the Walla Walla Valley. Opportunities to expand the recreation facilities at MCP will continue to act as a day-use area that serves the Walla Walla Valley. Because of the high recent population growth in the valley, the project will play an increasingly important role in meeting future regional recreational needs. The Corps will continue to explore methods to meet both the current and future recreational demands. Approximately 68 acres are classified as recreation lands, and are available for intensive recreational development. The remainder of the project lands, excluding only a few acres, are available to the public for a variety of low-density recreational activities. Sections 4 and 5 of this volume contain more in-depth discussions of recreation usage.

d. Wildlife Habitat.

(1) Wildlife Habitat General.

The MCP is located on the edge of development in the Walla Walla Valley, and is adjacent to Mill Creek, an important wildlife corridor. Wildlife species common to the project include raptors, upland game birds, songbirds, and small mammals. These species help meet regional desires for hunting and wildlife viewing. Project lands classified as Wildlife Management General consist of ½ of the project's fee lands. These lands are composed primarily of grass, shrub, and tree habitats. These lands are particularly productive and sensitive environments. The Corps has a stewardship responsibility for these lands, and will use all resources and professional expertise at its disposal to preserve and protect these areas as productive areas for wildlife. Low density recreation will be available to the public (including both consumptive and non-consumptive wildlife).

(2) Wildlife Mitigation.

The Corps recently purchased 61.8 acres for the mitigation of lost habitat on the lower Snake River. These agricultural lands will be developed for wildlife habitat at MCP through the Lower Snake River Fish and Wildlife Compensation Plan. These lands consist of 10 percent of all MCP fee lands, and will also be available for low-density recreation activities.

e. Environmentally Sensitive Areas.

Approximately 7 percent of MCP lands are classified as Environmentally Sensitive Areas. These lands contain wetlands protected by Federal laws and riparian habitat critical to anadromous fish. They are extremely sensitive to development, and will be managed by the Corps accordingly.

f. Fisheries Habitat.

Mill Creek, Mill Creek Channel, Yellowhawk Creek, and Virgil B. Bennington Lake are important fisheries habitats that have not yet reached their full potential. Both of the creeks and the channel contain anadromous fisheries, candidates for listing under the Endangered Species Act, and other fisheries. Virgil B. Bennington Lake contains important sports fisheries. These resources will be managed to provide both flood control and fisheries habitat.

g. Aesthetic Resources.

The MCP contains aesthetic resources that enhance visitor experiences. These resources are both visual and auditory. The MCP offers the sights and sounds of both running water and wildlife. It contains complex biodiversity in wildlife and vegetation that is of high scenic value. These resources will be protected, preserved, restored, and enhanced by the Corps.

8.03. Recommendations--Specific

a. General.

It is recommended that this MP for resource use be approved as a guide for the use, management, and development of the ecological, cultural, and aesthetic resources of MCP, as well as for developing new opportunities for public use and wildlife management. Updates of the MP will be necessary as conditions change. In anticipation, updating will be scheduled when deemed necessary.

This MP recommends a broad range of RO's and management and development concepts for MCP and each management unit, as well as for the implementation of the MP through the Operational Management Plan and the continuation of monitoring and evaluation studies. These recommendations are summarized in the following areas:

• Summary of project RO's.

• Summary of recommended actions.

• Priority of actions by management unit.

• Cooperative planning and local sponsorship.

• Operational Management Plan--MP implementation.

b. Summary of Project RO's.

The following items are the project-wide RO's that serve to guide the design, development, use, and management of MCP. For the rationale and implementation of these objectives, as well as information on the management units, refer to section 3 of this volume.

(1) Project RO Number 1--Project Operations.

Continue to safely and efficiently operate and maintain MCP to provide flood control for the protection of the of Walla Walla and its environs, as authorized in public law.

(2) Project RO Number 2--Replacement/Relocation/Upgrade of Existing Facilities.

Assure that all facilities meet Federal, State, and local design, health, safety, and environmental standards.

(3) Project RO Number 3--Intensive Day-Use Recreation.

Maintain and enhance existing project recreation facilities and lands, as well as develop new facilities to help meet current and projected needs for day-use recreation facilities.

(4) Project RO Number 4--Low Density Dispersed Recreation.

Provide opportunities and support facilities for low-density dispersed recreation activities.

(5) Project RO Number 5--Safety.

Provide a safe environment for the public.

(6) Project RO Number 6--Water Quality.

Achieve State and Federal standards of water quality that protect primary contact recreation and maintain standards for wildlife and fisheries.

(7) Project RO Number 7--Boundary Identification and Security Protection.

Identify MCP's boundaries through monumentation and fence as needed to designated these, and provide protection from encroachments (i.e., livestock, agricultural, and vehicular).

(8) Project RO Number 8--Interpretive Facilities, Signs, and Programs.

Provide additional identification, interpretive, and display facilities.

(9) Project RO Number 9--Environmental Education Area.

Designate the MCP as an Environmental Education Area for the purpose of expanding environmental education for the Walla Walla community.

(10) Project RO Number 10--Wetland and Riparian Protection.

Protect and limit impacts to wetlands and riparian corridors on the project in conjunction with the needs of maintaining the flood control mission of the project, water quality, anadromous and resident fisheries, and wildlife benefits.

(11) Project RO Number 11--Wildlife Habitat.

Continue to preserve, maintain, and enhance existing wildlife habitats on MCP lands for resident and migratory species.

(12) Project RO Number 12--Fish Habitat and Passage.

Maintain and enhance a stratified fishery in Virgil B. Bennington Lake for resident trout and centrarchids. Maintain and enhance the anadromous and fluvial fishery corridor in Mill Creek Channel by maintaining flows and facilities for successful passage of anadromous fish runs in Mill, Yellowhawk, and Garrison Creeks.

(13) Project RO Number 13--Species of Special Concern.

Preserve, maintain, and enhance habitat for species that are classified as species of special concern at MCP in the future.

(14) Project RO Number 14--Cultural Resources.

Preserve, maintain, and enhance cultural resources on project lands.

(15) Project RO Number 15--Aesthetic Resources.

Protect, preserve, restore, and enhance the aesthetic resources of MCP.

c. Summary of Recommended Actions.

The following paragraphs contain a summary of the general recommended action for MCP, grouped into three management areas: 1) project operations; 2) fish and wildlife development and management; and 3) recreation facilities development and management.

(1) Project Operations.

• Complete monumentation and fencing of project boundary.

• Replace project office and maintenance area.

• Provide project information center.

• Consolidate maintenance storage areas.

• Replace and extend boat ramp.

• Connect South Levee Road to Bennington Lake Road.

• Adjust road access easement onto existing roads (Bennington Habitat Management Unit).

• Provide public phone at Lake Recreation Area.

• Place aerial communications underground.

(2) Fish and Wildlife Development and Management.

• Improve availability and functional usefulness of wildlife habitat.

• Enhance 1950's WDW planting to improve habitat and visual resources.

• Provide a 1205 lake elevation for as long as possible.

• Improve fish habitat in the lake and Mill Creek Channel.

• Study the pond at Rooks Park for consideration as a possible fish rearing area.

• Provide wildlife habitat mitigation for the Lower Snake River Fish and Wildlife Compensation Plan.

(3) Recreation Facilities Development and Management.

• Provide a 1205 lake elevation for as long as possible.

• Improve and add parking.

• Improve fishing and picnicking access for the elderly and persons with disabilities.

• Improve aesthetics at recreation sites.

• Provide interpretive information.

• Improve picnic facilities.

• Improve water quality.

• Provide a swim beach at the Lake Recreation Area.

• Provide an additional comfort station at the swimming area.

• Redesign Yellowhawk Park to fully utilize the area for picnicking.

• Develop Bennington Lake Trail (connect Mill Creek Recreation Trail to Virgil B. Bennington Lake) to eliminate safety hazards.

• Berm and screen adjacent visual impacts by utilizing disposal material from the dredge area in Mill Creek Diversion Management Unit.

• End public vehicular access over the First Diversion Structure.

• Improve horse trailer parking and unloading area.

d. Priority of Project Actions by Land Classifications and Management Units.

Section 5 of this volume describes RO's and management and development concepts for each management unit. The project actions implement the RO's and land classifications described in sections 3 and 4. The following list is a prioritization of development actions for each management unit listed in section 5. Priority's are classified in the following manner:

• 1 = 1st level priority
• 2 = 2d level priority
• 3 = 3d level priority
• A = as needed.

STRONG>(1) Project Operations.

(a) Mill Creek Diversion Management Unit.

• 3 - Develop wildlife observation site on Diversion Dam

• A - Periodically dredge area behind Diversion Dam

(b) Virgil B. Bennington Lake Management Unit.

• 1 - Provide a 1205 lake elevation as long as possible

• 2 - Improve fish habitat

(c) Mill Creek Office and Information Management Unit.

• 2 - Project office and maintenance area

• 2 - Information center

(d) Mill Creek Channel Management Unit.

• 3 - Improve fisheries habitat

(2) Recreation.

(a) Rooks Park Management Unit.

• 1 - Improve parking to reduce environmental degradation and safety hazards

• 1 - Improve picnicking fishing access for the elderly and persons with disabilities (i.e., shelters, and fishing dock)

• 2 - Provide interpretive information

• 3 - Improve aesthetics

• 3 - Study pond as possible area for fish rearing

(b) Bennington Lake Recreation Area Management Unit.

• 1 - Provide safe and universal access to the lake

• 1 - Replace and extend boat ramp

• 1 - Provide swim beach

• 1 - Additional comfort station

• 2 - Improve water quality

• 2 - Provide interpretive information

• 2 - Improve picnic facilities, with emphasis on the elderly and persons with disabilities

• 3 - Improve parking

• 3 - Provide public phone

(c) Bennington Lake Road Management Unit.

• 2 - Extend bicycle trail from Mill Creek Recreation trail

• 3 - Place aerial communications underground

(d) Yellowhawk Creek Park Management Unit.

• 2 - Relocate project office and maintenance area

(e) Mill Creek Office and Information Center.

• 2 - Redesign for additional picnic area

• 2 - Add additional parking

• 2 - Provide interpretive information

• 2 - Improve aesthetics

(f) Mill Creek Trail Management Unit.

• 1 - Provide accessibility to Mill Creek for the elderly and persons with disabilities

• 2 - Develop interpretive information facilities

• 3 - Enlarge the picnic area

(3) Mitigation.

(a) The FWWTR Habitat Management Unit.

• 1 - Continue to establish perennial grass cover

• 2 - Develop tree and shrub area

• 2 - Wildlife watering sites

• 2 - Provide public information

• 3 - Monument and fence boundary

• 3 - Two food plots

(4) Environmentally Sensitive Areas.

(a) Mill Creek ESA Management Unit.

• 2 - Remove debris disposal area

• 3 - Provide interpretive information

(b) Yellowhawk-Garrison Creek ESA Management Unit.

• 2 - Fence boundary

(5) Multiple Resource Management Low Density Recreation.

(a) South Mill Creek Trail Management Unit.

• 2 - Berm and screen adjacent visual impacts by using disposal material from the dredge area in Mill Creek Diversion Management Unit

• 2 - Improve horse trailer parking and unloading area

• 3 - Connect Mill Creek Recreation Trail to Bennington Lake Trail

• 3 - Connect South Levee Road to Bennington Lake Road

• 3 - End public vehicular access over First Division Structure

(6) Multiple Resource Management--Wildlife Management General.

(a) Bennington Habitat Management Unit.

• 1 - Adjust road access easement onto existing roads

• 2 - Improve availability and functional usefulness of wildlife habitat

• 3 - Enhance 1950's WDW planting to improve habitat and visual resources

(b) Russell Creek Habitat Management Unit.

• Enhance 1950's WDW planting to improve habitat and visual resources

• Improve availability and functional usefulness of wildlife habitat

(7) Easement Lands.

(a) Russell Creek Flowage Management Unit.

• None

(b) Russell Creek Canal Management Unit.

• A - Maintain canal

(c) Rooks Park Road Management Unit.

• 3 - Work with Walla Walla County to improve the appearance of the management unit

e. Cooperative Planning and Local Sponsorship.

It is recommended that cooperative planning efforts with local governments and citizen interests be continued for development, preservation, or enhancement of land and water resources. Both citizen and agency coordination was incorporated into the RO's presented in this MP. Continued coordination will be required to implement those objectives.

Current Corps policy restricts the types of activities the agency can undertake for recreational development and wildlife enhancement without some level of financial sponsorship form a local agency. The Corps, through local, environmental, or conservation organizations, could implement recreation and wildlife management objectives within MCP.

Coordination with local colleges to designate MCP as an Environmental Education Area should continue. This will encourage the development of research and outdoor learning opportunities to be maintained as part of the Walla Walla Valley educational process, and will promote the enhancement of a unique ecosystem in southeastern Washington.

f. Monitoring and Evaluation Studies.

It is recommended that additional studies monitor and evaluate project resources, management activities, and project objectives to ensure the best identification, evaluation, analysis, and management of project resources. In particular, the studies detailed in the following paragraphs are recommended. Continuing studies are listed first, followed by additional recommended studies in their order of priority.

(1) Wildlife Monitoring and Evaluation Studies (Continuing).

Wildlife monitoring and evaluation studies provide an index to wildlife use on the project as well as an estimate of wildlife populations. This information assists biologists in determining whether or not habitat developments are receiving optimum use, and the changes that should be made to achieve optimum coordination with the Walla Walla District Planning Division. A partial list of recommended wildlife monitoring and evaluation studies at the project includes:

• Tree and shrub survivability surveys

• Raptor nesting surveys

• Breeding bird census, by habitat category

• Seasonal bird surveys, by habitat category

• Effects of flood control operations on fish and wildlife populations and habitat

• Recreational hunting and fishing surveys

• Incidental wildlife observations

(2) Visitor Data (Continuing).

Collecting and compiling visitor data is the responsibility of the Walla Walla District Operations Division. It is a continuing project responsibility that began in 1965. The information derived from visitor use data is recorded in the Corps' Natural Resource Management System. This data will assist in evaluating existing project use, determining the adequacy of existing facilities, identifying future facilities requirements, justifying funding, and estimating budgets.

The current method of collecting visitor data needs to be improved. The areas that need more or updated information include the following: the recreation use survey that breaks up the "other" category; visitor origin; indexing the influencing factors that affect visitation (i.e., weather, construction, etc.); and meter validation.

Visitor surveys have been scheduled for fall, winter, spring, and summer of 1993 and 1994 at MCP areas, including the recreation trails, Rooks Park, and Bennington Lake. The surveys will use the Visitor Estimation and Reporting System (VERS) survey program devised by Waterways Experiment Station. The surveys are intended for meter validation and, although they are not recreation use surveys, information collected can proxy recreation use data. Summer surveys began in July 1993 and will be completed in June 1994. fall surveys were completed in September and October 1993. Winter surveys are scheduled to begin 31 January 1994, and spring surveys will begin 19 April 1994. All surveys for MCP and the Walla Walla District will be completed by the end of July 1994.

It is recommended that an interdisciplinary team, composed of Planning and Operations Division personnel, make specific recommendations that can improve visitor data. This information is extremely important to the Corps for understanding public trends and ensuring that responsive management can occur.

(3) Cultural Resources Management Plan (Continuing).

A Cultural Resources Management Plan that includes a section on Mill Creek was completed for the Walla Walla District. At this time, there are no known archaeological sites within the MCP, but it is important that an ongoing monitoring program be maintained for all project lands and work activities. In the event that cultural resources are discovered, the Walla Walla District Archaeologist should be notified immediately. If work is being done in the immediate vicinity, it will be stopped until such time as a full assessment of the cultural properties can be made. Archaeological studies are the responsibility of the Walla Walla District Archaeologist.

(4) Recreation Facilities Efficiency and Effectiveness of Operation Study.

No facilities at MCP are recommended for closure or consolidation. The low cost per visitor as compared to other Corps projects in the Walla Walla District, the compact size of the project (which provides for low operations and maintenance), the high visitation, and the rising visitor pressure for additional facilities are the main reasons to continue to improve existing facilities and, possibly, provide some new facilities. The limited area for expansion make consolidation difficult or impossible.

(5) Revegetation Studies.

A survey should be conducted of all areas on project lands where vegetation has been disturbed and has not recovered (e.g., old borrow sites). Compacted soils and low precipitation create difficult conditions for revegetation. These disturbed areas are potential erosion sources, and have negative visual impacts. The study will also determine the best methods to reestablish native vegetation. Revegetation will be implemented through the OMP. The Walla Walla District Operations Division will be responsible for location of the disturbed area, with assistance from Planning Division in determining the method of revegetation.

(6) Water Quality Study.

Further study of water quality in Virgil B. Bennington Lake, and an evaluation of measures will be implemented to improve the water quality for primary contact recreation and fisheries habitat.

(7) Visual Resource Plan.

It is recommended that Planning Division Conduct a detailed Visual Resource Management Plan for MCP viewsheds (lands seen from MCP). The plan should identify visual quality management objectives for the viewshed. The plan will make recommendations to protect the visual resources and be a cooperative effort between the Corps and other agencies. It will generally follow the methodology outlined in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Course Notebook, Aesthetic Resources: Inventory, Analysis, and Evaluation. Also see volume 2, section 3, paragraph 3.04., Aesthetic Resources--Visual Quality Management.

(8) Restoration and Riparian Zone Study.

Due to advances in stream classification and restoration (notably by Dave Rogsgen of Wildland Hydrology Consultants), it would be possible to restore the gabion channel downstream from Mill Creek Dam into a channel that would represent something much closer to the natural condition. This could be done without loss of flood control, and would provide much better fish and wildlife habitat. Visual aesthetics would be greatly improved. Maintenance costs could be reduced or eliminated, as vegetation would no longer need to be removed from the channel, but would be encouraged instead. The Walla Walla District Planning Division will be responsible for this study. The study will be done in cooperation with Operations Division, Engineering Division, Real Estate Division, and Walla Walla County, as well as other local groups and the public.

g. The OMP.

Following approval of this MP, the preparation of an OMP for natural resources and park management will be initiated by the Walla Walla District Operations Division, as required and outlined in ER 1130-2-400, appendix 13, dated 1 June 1986. The OMP will be prepared as a separate document, and will outline, in detail, how management objectives and concepts outlined in the approved MP will be implemented and budgeted. To the maximum extent possible, the OMP will eliminate redundancy and utilize the Mill Creek GIS database developed throughout the planning process.

8.04. Conclusion

The formulation of this viable plan for development and management of the MCP has sough maximum public benefits on a continuing basis. This effort has extended over many years, and required interaction and involvement of the general public as well as Federal, State, and local offices; the appraisal of natural and cultural resources at the project; and the examination of various environmental considerations. The plan will guide use, development, and management of the project in a manner that optimizes public benefits within resource potentials and the authorized function of the project.

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